HISTORY (XI)- LESSON 9
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
QUESTION
ANSWERS
________________________________________________________________________
NCERT SOLUTIONS
1. How did Britain’s involvement in wars from 1793 to 1815 affect British
industries?
Answer: Both Britain and France were at war between
1793 to 1815. The industries of Britain were badly affected with this war. That
is why Britain was unable to get capital formation and reinvestment during war
period. It had to use borrowed capital to fight rather than reinvestment. Due
to war, factories were shut down. Trade declined. The prices of essential
commodities were very high. So, this war affected British industries in many
ways.
2. What were the relative advantages
of canal and railway transportation?
Answer: Advantages of Canal Transportation: It was the cheapest mode of
transportation. It was made easier to transport heavier goods from mines to
factories. When big cities and towns were linked to these canals, the city
people were able to get various essential commodities such as coal and tool
items at cheaper rate.
Advantages of Rail Transportation: The use of railways helped in increasing the
production of coal and iron industry. It also did a lot of help. Railways
helped in carrying heavy goods through various regions of the country.
3. What were the interesting
features of the inventions of this period?
Answer: The interesting features of the inventions of this
period are as follows:
·
At first, Abraham Darby brought about a revolution
in the metallurgical industry.
·
Henry Cort (1740-1823) designed the puddling
furnace and rolling mill to roll purified iron into bars.
·
In the 1770s, John Wilkinson made the first iron
chairs, vats for breweries and iron pipes of all sizes.
·
John Kay made the flying shuttle loom in 1733. It
made possible to weave broader fabrics in less time.
·
Edmund Cartwright invented power loom in 1787.
·
Thomas Savery built a model steam engine called the
Miner’s friend in 1698 to drain mines.
·
James Watt developed a steam engine in 1769 that
converted the steam engine from a pump into a ‘prime mover’.
4. Indicate how the supply of raw
materials affected the nature of British industrialization.
Answer: Since 17th century, Britain had been importing bales of cotton
cloth from India at exorbitant price. But after the entry of East India Company
into India, it began to import along with cloth, raw cotton, which could be
spun and woven into cloth in England. Till the early 18th century, the process
of spinning had been very slow. The spinners were occupied throughout the day,
while weavers waited idly to receive yarn. A lot of technological inventions
closed the gap between the speed in spinning raw cotton into yarn, and weaving
the yarn into fabric. The production shifted from the homes of spinners and
weavers to factories.
5. How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the
Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
·
Women of all classes began working in factories. It
helped them in getting financial independence and self-esteem.
·
But their wages for the same hour of work were low
in comparison to those of men.
·
Industrialization was a blessing in disguise. A
number of food items became cheap and were available in abundance. It increased
the social status of the women in particular.
·
Women were supposed to observe strict discipline.
They were also punished for violation of any discipline.
6. Compare the effects of the
coming of the railways in different countries of the world.
Answer: Effects of the coming of the railways in differents countries of
the world:
·
The expansion of railways helped the imperialist
countries a lot.
·
Railways became a means of transportation which was
available in different parts of the world throughout the year.
·
They also helped a lot in boosting the process of
industrialization.
·
They also helped in the transportation of heavy
goods at cheaper rate.
·
They joined the parts of different countries and
helped in picking up the material easily.
·
They provided a lot of employment opportunities and
also accelerated trade and commerce. Thus, it can be said that the coming of
railways connected different countries of the world.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. What do you understand by
Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Industrial Revolution means the transformation of industry and
economy of a country with quick succession than normal slow rate.
2. When and where did the
Industrial Revolution begin?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 18th century.
3. Who was Abraham Darby?
Answer: Abraham Darby was the first Englishman to use coke for the first time
in the process of smelting.
4. Write the names of some new
machineries and technologies.
Answer: Flying shuttle loom, spinning jenny, water frame, steam engine,
etc.
5. Who coined the term Industrial
Revolution first?
Answer: Georges Michelet of France, and Friedrich Engels of Germany were the
first to use the term Industrial Revolution.
6. Who was Arnold Toynbee?
Answer: Arnold Toynbee was a well-known philosopher and economist. He wrote a
book named “Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England”.
7. How did Britain become the father
of Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Political stability, investment, capital
formation and entrepreneurship made England the father of Industrial
Revolution.
8. What do you mean by Agricultural
Revolution in England?
Ans. It was related to the promotion of agrarian economy or countryside
development.
9. What was the effect of
Agricultural Revolution?
Answer: Due to new scientific methods and the use of machines, agricultural
production highly increased.
10. Who designed flying shuttle
loom?
Answer: Flying shuttle loom was designed by John Kay in 1733.
11. What were the advantages of
spinning jenny?
Answer: Spinning jenny was a machine made by James Hargreaves in 1765. This
machine speeded up the production of Spinning Fabrics in less time.
12. Who invented water frame?
Answer: It was invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769.
13. What does rapid increase in the
population of a city show?
Answer: Due to lack of education facilities there were less
employment opportunities. People migrated from villages to cities. The rapid
increase in the population of a city showed that there were more facilities and
opportunities in the city.
14. What was the contribution of
rivers to the proliferation of London as a centre of trade?
Answer: Rivers helped in the movement of goods from the distant places to the
market.
15. What do you mean by coasters?
Answer: Coasters were the ships or ships rowed within the limits of the
seashore.
16. Write the use of coaster.
Answer: Coasters were used in loading cargo brought by river vessels.
17. Who was Thomas Newcomen?
Answer: Thomas Newcomen designed steam engine. He designed it in the year
1712.
18. What were the social effects of
the Industrial Revolution on England?
Answer: The population increased. It resulted in the destruction of old family
norms. Due to Industrial Revolution, the urbanisation of England happened at
fast pace.
19. How did industrialization change
the farming technique?
Answer:
·
At the place of wooden plough, steel plough came
into being.
·
For sowing seeds, mechanical drill came into
existence.
·
For harvesting, mechanical thrasher was used.
20. What were the positive sides of
the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
·
It helped people in meeting their primary needs.
·
New job opportunities came for the people.
·
Life became easy and interesting.
21. What was initially used for
the process of smelting?
Answer: Charcol was initially used for the process of smelting.
22. Which area was called Iron
Bridge?
Answer:. Coalbrookdale at the bank of river Severn
was called Iron Bridge.
23. Write two features of the cotton
industry of England.
Answer:
·
Colonies like India served for the import of raw
cotton and as a market for the finished goods.
·
Manufacturing became cheap.
24. Which machine was devised to be
used by child workers?
Answer: Spinning Jenny.
25. What were the conditions that
led to industrialization?
Answer: The following conditions led to industrialization:
·
Rapid capital formation
·
Installation of new machines
·
Availability of infrastructure
26. When was Com Law passed in
Britain? What was its main objective?
Answer: The Corn Law was passed in 1815 in Britain. The main objective of this
law was to impose ban on the import of cheaper food.
27. What do you mean by Luddism?
Answer: Luddism was a movement led by the charismatic General Ned Ludd. Its
participants demanded a minimum wage, control over the labour of women and
children, job for the jobless and the right to form trade unions so that they
could legally present these demands.
28. Write any two provisions each of
Factory Act of 1819 and 1833.
Answer: Provisions of Factory Act, 1819:
1.
Children below nine years of age will not be
employed in factories.
2.
Working hour will be lessened from 16 to 12 hours.
Provisions of Factory Act, 1833:
1.
Children of age group between 13-17 years will not be
forced to work for more than 10 hours.
2.
Inspectors were recruited for the inspection of the
factories.
29. Who wrote the novel Hard Times?
Answer: Charles Dickens wrote the novel Hard Times.
30. When and where was
Combination Act enacted? What was its aim?
Answer: Combination Act was enacted by the British government in 1799-1800.
This act aimed at imposing restrictions or ban on the trade unions.
31. What do you know about factory
system?
Answer: It is a system under which the process of production began in
factories, whereas it had been earlier carried out from the house/cottage.
32. Name any four cities of Britain
where protest movement took place against the Enclosure movement.
Answer: The cities were:
1.
Durbyshire
2.
Lancashire
3.
Leicestershire
4.
Nottinghamshire
33. Name the two persons who made a
remarkable contribution in the construction of canal in England.
Answer:
1.
Duke of Bridgewater
2.
James Brindley
34. By whom and when was Worsely
canal constructed? When was it opened?
Answer: Worsely canal was constructed by James
Brindely in 1759. It was opened in 1761.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. Industrial Revolution with its
demand for raw material and markets made nations more dependent on one another.
How?
Answer: So far the progress of industry is concerned two things are essential,
i.e. raw material and market. In this situation, it is necessary to take the
help of other nations who are self-sufficient in it.
·
Raw Materials: For the supply of raw materials one
country depends on another. Before independence, England was dependent on India
for the raw materials of textile.
·
Market: If any country produces its products, it
searches its market to sell it. For this, it depends upon another country.
Their trade relations become closer and they become economically viable.
3.
The growth of trade union
helped to put an end to the idea of Laissez faire. How?
Answer: The workers were working hard for their owners. But they were not given
their due amount. Sense of annoyance prevailed among them. So the workers put
up their demands before the factory owners. They just wanted to crush their
movement. So, the workers got united and started a movement against their
owners. In this situation, the government was forced to end Laissez faire. For
the well-being of workers, laws were made. The Act of 1819, prohibited the
children under nine from working in factories. Trade unions were declared
lawful. On this basis, it can be said that the development of trade unions
ended Laissez faire.
3. Industrialisation was a
natural step in the progress of mankind. Why?
Answer: During the prehistoric period, human beings were wanderers. They
searched their food for their livelihood. They made tools of stone for hunting
animals and satisfying their hunger. But as the time advanced, their needs
increased. They made new inventions. Trade and commerce started. For trading,
transportation was necessary. Communication was established. New industries
were set up. People became financially sound. On this basis, it can be said
that industrialization was a natural step in the progress of mankind.
4. Study the disadvantages of
producing goods and services under the capitalist system. What are the
advantages that a socialist system can have in a society?
Answer:
·
Disadvantages: There are many weaknesses and
disadvantages of producing goods and services.
o
The main motive of capitalist is to earn huge
profit . They always think about their welfare.
o
They produce low quality of goods to earn more
profit.
·
Advantages of a Socialist System
o
The distribution of wealth is equal under socialist
system.
o
All get employment.
o
There is no distinction between the rich and the
poor.
o
This system leads the country towards progress.
5. What was the opinion of Karl Marx
about socialism?
Answer: Karl Marx was a thinker and scholar as
well. He is also called “the Father of Modern Communism”. He developed
socialism on scientific lines. His ideas on socialism or communism are
incorporated in ‘Das Capital.
·
According to him, capitalism is the root cause of
all social evils and hence it should be done away with.
·
In socialism there is no place for private
property.
·
All the units of production should be nationalized.
·
Capitalism in itself has the seeds of its own
destruction.
·
Industrial workers are a force which could destroy
capitalism and establish socialism.
5.
Industrialization has affected
farming, transportation, communication and trade in many ways. How?
Answer: Industrialization has affected farming,
transportation, communication and trade in the following ways:
·
Farming: Due to industrialization, farming was
highly affected. The demand for raw materials grew along with the
industrialization. This demand enforced the farmers to adopt new methods to
have more production. The new machines were invented for digging the soil,
sowing and reaping. A number of farmers also became unemployed due to
industrialization.
·
Transport: The pucca or metalled roads were built
for safe and fast transportation of goods. Navigational canals were dug up to
carry the goods and passengers. The steam engines were used to run railway
trains. The rapid development of the means of transport made quite easy the
transportation of finished goods and raw- materials from one country to
another.
·
Communication: The invention of telegraphy and
telephone brought revolution in the field of communication as sending and
receiving of messages became easier. It was much helpful in the growth of
industry.
·
Effects on Trade: The production of goods
encouraged the trade. The international trade grew very fast as it was easy for
any industrialized country to import raw material and export the finished goods
to any part of the world.
7. Explain the advantages that a
socialist system can have over a society based on capitalism.
Answer: Under the socialist system, all the
factories, industries and means of production belong to state while in
capitalist system all these things belong to the private owners. The socialist
system can have following advantages over the capitalist system.
Differences between socialist and capitalist systems are as follows:
8. Why did Industrial Revolution
first occur in England? Give reasons. [HOTS]
Answer: Due to the following reasons, Industrial
Revolution first occurred in England:
·
England was the first country to experience
industrialization. Because it had been a politically stable country.
·
There was abundance of natural resources like iron
and coal in England. Iron and coal are necessary resources for the functioning
of any industry. No industry can function without it.
·
England was an economically sound country. The
Britishers had been doing business in foreign countries. They had amassed huge
wealth which was necessary for the functioning of industries.
·
England had trade relations with many countries of
the world. They had better transportation facility available. Through this,
they could sell their products in the markets of other countries too.
·
There was availability of labour forces at cheap
rates in England.
9. What were the main features of
the Industrial Revolution in England?
Answer: The main features of the Industrial Revolution in
England were:
·
Goods were produced in big factories instead of the
cottage industries.
·
Machines took the place of mankind in industrial
production. Their work burden lessened.
·
Due to Industrial Revolution, more employment
opportunities were created. More and more people got employment.
·
Due to Industrial Revolution, agricultural
production increased.
·
Communication and transportation facilities were
increased.
·
Due to production of goods, they became available
at cheaper rates.
10. Describe the conditions that
denote industrialization.
Answer: Following conditions denote industrialization:
·
When the investment gives way to rapid capital
formation.
·
When productivity is raised.
·
When infrastructure is developed.
·
When new machinery is installed.
11. The invention of steam engine
revolutionized industry and transport. How?
Answer: The steam engine was invented by James Watt in 1769. Its invention
brought about a drastic change in the life of mankind. It revolutionized the
entire industrial set up. Steam engine technology was further developed with
the use of lighter and stronger metals. It increased the manufacturing of more
accurate machine tools. In 1840, British steam engines were generating more
than 70% of the European power. Its invention connected the people even from
the distant areas. It also linked people on commercial point. Trade relations
between different regions got more strengthened. It also helped in
transportation of luggage from one place to another. Now the peasants could
sold their products in the markets and also earn huge
profit.
12. Discuss the condition of
workers in England in context of Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Industrial Revolution affected the condition of workers in many
ways:
·
The workers had to work very hard. They had to work
for 15-18 hours in a day.
·
They were living in slum areas. This area was
surrounded with filth and garbage.
·
There was no proper arrangement for safety of the
workers at working places.
·
Their health got deteriorated day by day in
unhygienic conditions.
·
Women and children were paid less wages than men.
13. What do you know about
‘Luddism’? Explain.
Answer:
·
Luddism, was a movement led by the charismatic
General Ned Ludd. Its main aim was to demand minimum wages, control over the
labour of women and children, work for those who had lost their jobs because of
the coming of machinery, and the right to form trade unions so that they could
legally present their demands. During the early years of industrialisation, the
working population did not have the right to vote nor legal methods to express
their anger at the manner in which their lives had been overturned. About
80,000 people gathered peacefully in August 1819, at St.Peter’s Fields in
Manchester to claim democratic rights of political organization, public
meetings and of the freedom of the press.
·
This movement was ruthlessly suppressed. It was
known as Peterloo Massacre Their demands were rejected by the Parliament.
LONG ANSWER TYPE
1.
What were relative advantages
of canal and railway transportation?
Answer: Advantages of Canal Transportation
·
Canals were mainly built to transport coal to
cities. The bulk and weight of coal made its transport by road much slower and
expensive than by barges on canals. Coal was mainly used for heating and
lighting homes in cities. The demand for coal grew constantly. The first
English canal was made by James Bindley in 1761. It was known as Worsely canal.
Its main purpose was to carry coal from the coal deposits at Worsely (near
Manchester) to that city; after the canal was completed.
·
Canals were usually built by big landowners. The
confluence of canals created marketing centres in new towns. For example, the
city of Birmingham owed its growth to its position at the heart of a canal
system connecting London, the Bristol Channel, and the Mersey and Humber
rivers. Between 1760 to 1790, 25 projects of canal building began. The period
between 1788 to 1796 is known as canal mania. In it, there were another 46 new
projects and over the next 60 years more than 4,000 miles of canal were built.
Advantages of Railway Transportation
·
Railways emerged as a new means of transportation
available throughout the year. It was both cheap and fast, to carry passengers
and goods.
·
In the second stage, the invention of the railways
took the entire process of industrialisation. In 1801, Richard Trevithick had
devised an engine called the ‘Puffing Devil’. In 1814, the railway engineer
George Stephenson invented a lomocotive called ‘The Blutcher’. It could pull a
weight of 30 tonnes upto a hill at 4 mph. The first railway line connected the cities
of Stockton and Darlington in 1825. The distance between the two cities was
just nine miles which could be covered in 2 hours at the speed of 24 KPh.
2.
Which factors were responsible
for Industrial Revolution in England? Explain.
Answer: The factors responsible for Industrial Revolution
in England were as follows:
·
Natural resources: There was plenty of
natural resources like iron and coal in England. These resources are essential
for the industries.
·
Capital: The traders of Britain had established
good trade relations with numerous countries since a long time. They were quite
affluent. So, they were successful in doing any kind of business.
·
Climate: The climate of Britain is humid. Because
it is located near the sea. It was also one of the factors of Industrial
Revolution.
·
Control over the colonies: British had established
a large number of new colonies from where she could get the cheap raw materials
and they could also serve as markets to sell the finished goods. Now they could
sell their products in the colonies.
·
Shipping Industry: Shipping industry of England was
much developed. Through ships, they could do their business in proper way. They
could now transport the things from far away countries and also sell their
products in the market.
·
Foreign Trade: The British had established their
trade relations with another countries. Through this, they were able to expand
their business. Foreign trade was also one of the main factors of Industrial
Revolution.
·
Innovative Ideas: The British had developed
innovative ideas. That is why they made new discoveries. It was one of the main
causes of the Industrial Revolution.
3.
Discuss the socio-economic
effects of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution made tremendous impact on
the life of British people. It affected not only their social life but economic
life too. The socio-economic effects of Industrial Revolution are as follows:
·
End of Cottage Industries: During the Industrial
Revolution, a lot of new machines were prepared. Through these machines,
numerous products were made. In cottage industries, it was not possible to
manufacture these products. So, cottage industries in England have almost
ended.
·
Development of new Industrial Towns: After the
Industrial Revolution, a number of new industrial towns were set up. Before it,
industrial towns were not much developed. As a result, the industrial towns
like Birmingham, Lancashire, Manchester, etc. came into existence.
·
Growth of Agriculture: After the Industrial
Revolution, new types of cropping machine, high-yielding seeds, fertilisers and
new techniques of farming came into being. The farmers could now produce high
yields. It also made their economic condition strong.
·
Exploitation of women and children: Women and
children were also employed in industries. They were forced to do work without
wages or wages less than the male workers. It badly affected their health.
·
Increase in National Income: After the Industrial
Revolution, they were now able to produce new items. These items were sold in
international market at high prices. This way their national income increased.
·
Appearance of New classes: As a result of
Industrial Revolution, two distinct classes appeared, i.e. the capitalists and
the workers. The capitalists became more and more richer and the workers became
more poorer.
·
Standard of living: After the Industrial
Revolution, people became more and more rich. Transport and communication,
railways, ships, etc. made their life happier and comfortable. Thus, their
standard of living improved.
·
Population increased: After the Industrial
Revolution people became well-off. Their standard of living improved. Now they
could take nutritious diet. Numerous medicines were discovered. It also helped
in checking the various diseases. Ultimately, it led to an increase in
population.
4.
How did the Industrial
Revolution in England affect India’s economy?
Answer: Industrial Revolution in England became the main
cause of poverty in India. As India was a colony of England, it hit the Indian
economy adversely. Due to the Industrial Revolution in England India’s economy
was affected in the following ways:
·
The Industrial Revolution enabled England to
produce more goods than needed there. Indian markets were flooded with the
machine made goods from England. In this way, India became a big consumer of
the English goods.
·
The Industrial Revolution in England threw the
Indian artisans and handicrafts men out of job. As a result, small industries
of India collapsed.
·
The British Government forced the Indian farmers to
sell their raw materials at cheap rates to the British factory owners. The
policy of exploiting the Indian economy for the benefit of the British
capitalist was the direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution on India’s
economy.
·
The unemployed artisans again became the farm
labourers. They became a burden on the Indian agriculture. In this way, within
very short-time, India became a poor country where agriculture was the only
occupation of the people.
·
Before the Industrial Revolution, India was the
major producer of cotton, woollen and silken clothes. Now India suffered a
severe setback in these industries. Clothes made by the British mills were
cheaper than the Indian clothes.
·
The Indian goods could not compete with the British
goods. The British Government in India imposed heavy duties on the Indian goods
and discouraged the Indian craftsmen ir. many ways so that they could never
think of competing with the British goods.
5.
What sort of reforms through
laws were made by the British government to improve the condition of workers?
What were the weaknesses of these measures?
Answer: The reforms through laws made by the British
government were as follows:
·
Act of 1819: In 1819, laws were passed. It
prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine in factories. It
limited the hours of work of those between the age of 9 and 16 to 12 hours a
day.
·
Act of 1833: Under the Act of 1833, chi’dren under
the age of nine were permitted to be employed only in silk factories. This act
also limited the hours of work for older children. A number of Factory
Inspectors Act were also employed to ensure that the Act was enforced.
·
Ten Hours Bill: In 1847, the Ten Hours Bill was
passed. This bill limited the hours of work for women and children and secured
a ten-hour day for male workers.
·
The Mines Commission of 1842: The Mines Commission
was set up in 1842. This commission revealed that working conditions in mines
had become worst, because more children had been put to work in coal mines.
·
The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842: The Mines and
Collieries Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working in
underground mines.
·
Fielder’s Factory Act of 1847: In this act, it was
laid down that children under eighteen and women should not work more than ten
hours a day.
The weaknesses of the these measures were as follows:
·
It was the duty of factory inspectors to enforce
the factory laws. But the inspectors were poorly paid and easily bribed by
factory managers.
·
Parents lied about the real ages of their children,
so that they could work and contribute to family incomes.
6.
Do you think that
industrialisation affects farming, transportation, communication and trade?
Answer: Industrialisation definitely makes its impact on farming,
transportation, communication and trade in the following ways:
·
Effects on Farming: After the Industrial
Revolution, farming was highly affected. The inventions of new machines for
agriculture were made. Now the machinery took the place of mankind. The farmers
could sow, reap and harvest their products through machines. On the one side,
production doubled but on the other side, the unemployment problem increased.
·
Effects on Transport: Roads were built for safe and
fast transportation of goods. After industrialization, production of goods
increased. So the businessmen had to send their goods to the different markets.
Navigational canals were dug up to carry the goods and passengers. The rapid
development of the means of transport made quite easy the transportation of
finished goods. Now it became easier to send goods from one country to another.
·
Effects on the Means of Communication: After
Industrial Revolution, there occurred a change in the field of communication.
Telegraphy and telephone were invented. Now it became easier to receive and
send the message. Now people could establish contact with others in very short
time.
·
Effects on Trade: Trade was highly affected. As the
products increased, it also encouraged trade. The international trade grew
fast. It became easier for any industrialized country to import raw material
and to export the finished goods to any part of the world market.
7.
Do you think the period
between 1780 to 1820 is considered to be revolutionary for the growth of cotton
or iron industries?
Answer: For textile industries, the raw materials like cotton was not grown in
Britain. So, Britain imported it from other countries to produce their
products. After the Industrial Revolution, a number of inventions were made.
Machines of high quality and capacity were made. The production also increased.
To sell their products, the manufacturers sent them to other countries. Most of
the products were sold in Indian markets. Since 1780, the imports and exports
of British goods also increased. After the War of American Independence, its
trade with North America was interrupted. But after 1780, its trading relations
with North America also established again.
After 1815-20, economic changes also occurred. After French Revolution,
industrialization was highly affected. Industrialization is mainly related with
growth in investment in capital formation. After 1820, these things gradually
appeared. Now technical progress was not only confined to these areas but also
other areas too. Now its progress could be seen in other branches too. So,
growth in the cotton or iron industries from 1780 to 1820 is not called
revolutionary.
8.
What were the most favorable
conditions for industrialization?
Answer: The most favorable conditions for
industrialization were as follows:
·
Natural resources: For the development of any
industry, the availability of natural resources is must. It must be in
abundance.
·
Capital: Sufficient capital is also necessary for
the development of industries. Without the availability of capital, the
development of industries is not possible.
·
Raw materials: Availability of raw-materials is
also needed for the industrialisation. It must be in plenty. The raw materials
include cotton, jute, sugarcane, etc.
·
Sources of energy: There must be sufficient sources
of energy like electricity, oil or coal etc.
·
Markets: There must be potential markets for the
consumers. If there is potential market, more finished goods will be consumed.
And the economy will grow.
·
Transportation facilities: There must be efficient transportation
facility. Roads, railway lines, shipping facilities etc. play a major role in
the development of country.
·
Cheap labour: For the growth of any industry a
number of labourers must be available at reasonable price.
·
Suitable climate: For the growth of any industry,
suitable climate is must. If the climate is not suitable, production will also
be affected. Worker’s health will also deteriorate. If their health is ill,
there will be shortfall in production.
·
Govt’s policy: The policy of govt, is also one of
the factors in the growth of industry. If the govt is stable, it will have
positive results on the industry. The industry will grow at fast pace.
9.
Discuss the developments that
took place in Britain and in other parts of the world in the eighteenth century
that encouraged industrialisation.
Answer: Developments in Britain
·
Population of town was increasing rapidly.
·
London was the largest town in Britain. It had
become centre of global trade. It had also established its trade relations with
Africa and West Indies.
·
The companies trading in America and Asia opened
their offices in London.
·
Banking facilities also developed.
·
New machines for textile industry, silk industry,
iron industry and coal industry were also invented.
·
Raw material was imported from the countries
outside England and finished cloth was exported.
·
Railway lines were laid and steam engine was
invented.
·
The big farmers made large estates by fencing
around the meadows and pasture land and also bought the lands of smaller
farmers nearby their property. They installed factories in their estates and
became rich.
·
Landless labourers left their villages and settled
in urban slums in order to work in factories there.
·
Exploitation of men, women and children in
factories started. Developments in other parts of the world
·
Slaves were bought from Africa to get the work done
in factories by them. British colonialism started in Africa.
·
Raw material was imported from Asia, Africa and
America. Consequentially, the local industries got closed there.
·
In Britain, goods were manufactured on large scale
due to the inventions of new machine. It was also cheaper than the goods
produced manually in other parts of the world. Now British goods were sold in
abundance.
10.
The invention of steam power
proved helpful in the industrialization of Britain. How?
Answer: Steam generates tremendous power. Power is
essential for the growth of any industry. Water has been the major source of
energy since a long time. It was just used as hydraulic power. But it had been
limited only to certain areas, seasons and by the speed of flow of the water.
Now it was used as steam. Pressure was provided by steam power at high
temperatures.
Mining industries and Steam Power. Firstly, steam power was used in mining
industries. There was a very serious problem in mining and that was flooding.
The increase of demand for coal and metals increased. Efforts were also made to
obtain them from deeper mines.
Thomas Savery built a model of steam engine in 1698 to drain mines. Its
name was Miner’s Friend. It worked in shallow depth and under intense pressure.
Another steam engine was built by Thomas New comen in 1712. It had the
major effect of losing energy due to the continuous cooling of the condensing
cylinder.
Steam Power used in Factories. The steam engine had been used only in coal
mines till 1769. James Watt developed his machine in 1769. He converted the
steam engine from being a mere pump into a prime mover. This machine supplied
energy to power machines in factories. Watt created the Soho Foundry in
Birmingham in 1775 with the help of Matthew Boulton. In this foundry Watt’s
steam engines were produced in great numbers. Steam engine technology was
further developed after 1800 C.E. Following factors contributed to its
development:
·
The use of lighter and stronger metals.
·
The manufacture of more accurate machine tools.
·
The spread of better scientific knowledge.
·
Steam engine technology was further developed with
the use of higher, stronger metals.
PASSAGE BASED
Read the following passages and answer the
that follow:
Passage 1.
‘The man of wealth and pride
Takes up a space that many poor supplied;
Space for his lake, his park’s extended bounds,
Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds;
The robe that wraps his limbs in silken cloth
Has robbed the neighboring fields of half their growth.
— Oliver Goldsmith, The
Deserted Village.
(i) Who wrote this? Write the name of the book from which it was taken.
(ii) What do you understand by the Enclosure Movement?
(iii) Write any two effects of this movement.
Answers:
(i) It has been written by Oliver Goldsmith. It was taken from the book The
Deserted Village.
(ii) The Enclosure Movement refers to a process in which landowner began to
enlarge their farms by appropriation of common lands as private property or
began to change open field system into closed fields. The process of enclosure
began in Britain in 14th century and spread to other European nations by 15th
and 16th centuries.
(iii) The effects of this movement are:
·
The big landowners merged the holding of the small
landholders.
·
Poor rural family began to migrate to towns/cities
in search of livelihood, because due to industrialization more work was
available for them.
Passage 2.
In his novel Hard Times, Charles Dickens (1812-70), perhaps the most severe
contemporary critic of the horrors of industrialization for the poor, wrote a
fictional account of an industrial town he aptly called Coketown. ‘It was a
town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes
had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black
like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall
chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for
ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river
that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of
windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the
piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an
elephant in a stare of melancholy madness.
:
(i) Who was Charles Dickens?
(ii) About which period and the country he is talking about in this passage?
(iii) Highlight any four social problems mentioned here.
Answers:
(i) Charles Dickens was a famous novelist who wrote a fictional account of an
industrial town, Coketown.
(ii) In this passage, he is talking about the industrialization phase in
Britain from 1780’s to 1850’s.
(iii) (a) Constant flow of rural migration to cities in search of work,
increased the
population in the cities.
·
Increasing slums in industrial towns.
·
Constant increase in thefts, crimes, street browls,
etc.
·
Break down in family ties.
Passage 3.
D.H.Lawrence (1885-1930), British essayist and novelist, writing seventy
years after Dickens, described the change in a village in the coal-belt, change
which he had not experienced, but about which he had heard from older people.
‘Eastwood… must have been a tiny village at the beginning of the nineteenth
century, a small place of cottages and fragmentary rows of little four-roomed
miners’ dwellings, the homes of the old colliers…But somewhere about 1820 the
company must have sunk the first big shaft…and installed the first machinery of
the real industrial colliery…Most of the little rows of dwellings were pulled
down, and dull little shops began to rise along the Nottingham Road, while on
the down-slope…the company erected what is still known as the New Buildings…little
four-room houses looking outward into the grim, blank street, and the back
looking into the desert of the square, shut in like a barracks enclosure, very
strange.
:
(i) What do you know about D.H. Lawrence? What did he describe?
(ii) Which particular class is he referring to?
(iii) Write a few effects of early industrialization on villages and towns.
Answers:
(i) D.H. Lawrence was a famous British essayist and novelist. He described how
changes occurred in the Eastwood village in the coal belt region due to
industrialization.
(ii) He is referring to the labour class and the ordinary people of the
Eastwood village.
(iii) Effects on Villages:
·
Thousands of villages lost their means of
livelihood due to introduction of cotton machines.
·
Self-sufficiency of the village came to decline. It
resulted in weakening of traditional rural bonds.
Effects on Towns:
·
Economic disparities started increasing between the
rich and the poor in the cities.
·
The trend of child labour began to increase. They
were now employed in dangerous coal mines.
·
Average lifespan of workers was lower than any
other social group in cities.
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