HISTORY (XI)- LESSON -7
CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS
QUESTION ANSWERS
________________________________________________________________
NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION
1. Which elements of Greek and Roman
culture were revived in the 14th and 15th centuries ?
Answer: The religious, artistic and literary elements of Greek and Roman
culture were revived in the 14th and 15th centuries.
2. Compare details of Italian
architecture of this period with Islamic architecture.
Answer: Following are the points of comparison:
·
Huge buildings were constructed under both the
Italian and the Islamic architectures.
·
Decoration was prominent in both the styles.
·
Arch and pillars were the important characteristics
of both the Italian and the Islamic architectures.
·
Beautiful cathedrals and monasteries were
constructed in Italian architecture, whereas large and magnificent mosques were
constructed under the Islamic style of architecture.
3. Why were Italian towns the first
to experience the ideas of humanism?
Answer: The towns of Italy were the first to
experience the ideas of humanism because of the following reasons:
·
Education spread in Italy by the 13th and 14th
centuries.
·
Humanism as a subject was first taught in Italian
schools, colleges and universities. Italian people were made aware of humanist
views and ideas.
·
Universities were first of all developed here to
spread education.
·
A number of classical books were composed by Roman and
Greek scholars.
4. Compare the Venetian idea of good
government with those in contemporary France.
Answer: Venice was an Italian city. This city was
free from the influence of the church and feudal lords. In Venice, bankers and
rich merchants played a significant role while there was absolute monarchy in
France. In France, common people were deprived of their rights.
5. What were the features of humanist thought?
Answer: Humanist thought laid stress on skills and
ideas that were developed by individuals through debate and discussions.
(ii) The humanist thought increased dignity of human beings. Humanism
embodied the mystical and aesthetic temper of a pre-scientific age.
(iii) It laid stress on logic, natural science and metaphysics. I
(iv) It laid emphasis not only on intellectual learning, but also on
physical and moral development.
(v) Humanism embodied the mystical and aesthetic temper of a pre-scientific
age.
(vi) The intellectuals of antiquity were relatively unconcerned about the
supernatural world and the eternal destiny of the soul.
6.Write a careful account of how
the world appeared different to seventeenth century Europeans.
Answer: Renaissance movement brought about rational and scientific approach
in the life of mankind. But the world appeared quite different. Scientists used
the methods of experimentation, observation and new thoughts. It was just
contrary to Christian beliefs.
Scientific discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Isaac Newton
brought about new changes in the world. The Italian scientist Galileo invented
telescope. Newton gave the theory of gravitation. He systematized scientific
valuations about the universe. Copernicus, tried to prove that the earth
rotates round the sun. Marco Polo’s invention of the compass made voyage
easier. The explorations of the sailors like Vasco da Gama, Columbus etc. led
to discoveries of new lands. Their explorations revolutionized trade.
The invention of the printing press made books available to the people in
various towns and cities. Rome, Florence and Venice became the centers of art
and learning. Many artists, scholars and writers were patronized by the rich
people in the cities and towns. Town became the center of art and learning
activities. Thomas Moore’s “Utopia” ridiculed the malpractices of the
contemporary society. On above basis, it can be said that the world appeared
different to 17th century Europeans.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by Renaissance? From where did it start?
Answer: The meaning of Renaissance is rebirth. It
is a French word. It gave a new dimension to art and culture and created
awareness among the people. It started from Italy.
2. Who made the first Printing
press?
Answer: Johannes Gutenberg made the first printing press.
3. Who was ‘Renaissance Man’?
Answer: The term ‘Renaissance Man’ stood for the person who had interest in
various fields, skills and innovations. Many individuals of the Renaissance
period had deep interests in art and culture.
4. Mention a few reasons that
were responsible for the emergence of Renaissance.
Answer: Following reasons were responsible for the emergence of
Renaissance:
·
Emergence of middle class.
·
Growth of printing press and literature.
·
Fall of feudalism.
5. What was the status of women
in business families?
Answer:
In business families, the women used to co-operate with their husbands. They
looked after the business because their husbands were away from work.
6. Name a few who played a crucial
role in bringing Renaissance movement.
·
Dante
·
Erasmus
·
Petrarch
·
Thomas Moore
7. Who was Martin Luther?
Answer: Martin Luther was one of the greatest exponents of the reformation of
Catholic Church. He vehemently opposed the excesses of the church.
8. How did the invention of printing
press prove a deciding factor for the Renaissance movement?
Answer:
·
It made people aware of new literature.
·
It played an important role in awakening of people.
·
It provided intellectual knowledge.
9. Who was Michelangelo?
Answer: Michelangelo was a great artist of Renaissance. “The Fall of the Man”
and “The Last Judgement” are considered to be the masterpieces of art
throughout the world. His paintings gave deep interpretation to human life and humanity.
10. Who was Ibn Rushd?
Answer: Ibn Rushd was the philosopher of Spain. He made an attempt to resolve
the differences between philosophical knowledge and religious beliefs.
11. What had the students in
universities to do prior to the starting of printing?
Answer: Before the start of printing, the students
had to read a few hand written copies or texts of manuscript. It was very
difficult to make available every student a copy of that text.
12. Who was Andreas Vaselius?
Answer: Andreas Vaselius (1514-64) was a professor of medicine in Padua
University. He dissected the human body. It led to the beginning of modern
physiology.
13. What do you understand by
realism?
Answer: Anatomy, physics, geometry and a sense of
beautification gave a new form to Italian art. Later on, it came to be known as
realism.
14. What was the name of the book
composed by Jacob?
Answer: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.
15. When was humanism adopted in
curriculum of the universities in Italy?
Answer: Humanism was adopted in curriculum of the universities in Italy during
14th century.
16. What do you understand by
classical architecture?
Answer: During the period, the Roman history was read and the remains were dug
up by archaeologists. It inspired a new style of architecture that was revival
of the imperial Roman style. It was called classical architecture.
17. Who was Thomas Moore?
Answer: Thomas Moore was a great writer of England. ‘Utopia’ was his literary
masterpiece.
18. What do you know about
Ptolemy’s ‘Almagest’?
Answer: Ptolemy’s Almagest was a work on astronomy. It was written in Greek
before 140CE. Later it was translated
into Arabic.
19. Write any two features of
humanist thought.
Answer: Two features of humanist thought were:
·
To encourage dignity of humans beings.
·
Freedom of human life from control of religion.
20. ‘All men are bad and ever ready
to display their vicious nature’. Who said this and why?
Answer: It was said by Machiavelli. He was of the
opinion that human desires are insatiable and he was motivated to face every
fair and unfair means to meet them.
21. What kind of impression do you
get about the status of women in business families?
Answer: Women were very supportive. They co-operated their
husbands in every bit of business. In families of merchants and bankers , wives
looked after the business when the male members were away on work.
22. What were the thoughts of
Balthasar Castiglione?
Answer: Balthasar Castiglione was an author and diplomat. She wrote a book
named, “The Courtier in which she defined the potentials of men and women and
suggested women to bear certain delicate tenderness with an air of feminine
sweetness in all their gestures and actions whatever they do.
23. What was the view of German
reformers in regard to salvation?
Answer: According to German reformers, salvation can be attained only when
all kinds of social oppression is ended. They opined that God has created all
people equal and they were not supposed to pay taxes and had the right to
choose their priests.
24. What was the view of the
Christians about the earth?
Answer: The Christians believed that the earth was at the center of universe
around which moved the celestial planets .It was a sinful place. The earth
became immobile because of the burden of sin.
25. What was the declaration of
Copernicus about the earth?
Answer: The Christian society believed that the earth was at the center
of universe. But Copernicus rebutted this belief and told that the earth
including all the other heavenly bodies rotate round the sun.
26. What was the concept of
Humanism?
Answer: Humanism laid stress on the importance of man and his sentiments rather
than the religious views. The worldly problems of man should be solved first
then men should think about God.
27. Who propounded the theory of
earth as part of solar system?
Answer: Johannes Kepler propounded this theory. Kepler in his Cosmographical
Mystery demonstrated that the planets move around the sun not in circle but in
ellipses.
28. Who was the leader of the
Protestant Reformation Movement? What were its chief gospels?
Answer: Martin Luther was the leader of the Protestant
Reformation Movement. Its chief gospels were the following.
·
A person is not required to be priest in order to
establish contact with God.
·
It is faith that guides people to the right path
and entry into Heaven that is salvation.
29. Define ‘Document of
Indulgences’.
Answer: The church issued ‘Document of Indulgences’. The church opined that
these documents could free man from the burden of the sins that he had
committed. By selling these documents, the church was earning money.
30. What virtues were equally
necessary for both men and women as per Castiglione?
Answer:
As per Castiglione, the following virtues were equally necessary for men and
women.
·
To shun affection
·
To be naturally graceful
·
To be naturally well mannered
·
To be clever and prudent
·
To be neither proud, envious nor evil tongued
31. Which factors took Italian
cities and courts beyond the world?
Answer: Following factors took the cities and the
courts of Italy beyond the world:
·
Trade and travel
·
Military conquests
·
Diplomatic contacts
Short Answer Type
1.
Mention a few characteristics
of Venice and Genoa cities.
Answer: Characteristics of Venice and Genoa cities:
·
These were independent states.
·
Both were different from the parts of the European cities.
·
Both these cities were governed by an assistance
from wealthy merchants and bankers.
·
Ideas of citizens sprout on surface in these
cities.
2.
Which factors were responsible
for the widening of European skills? (HOTS)
Answer: Following factors were responsible for the widening of European skills:
·
Archaeological discoveries
·
New technologies of navigation
·
Classical consideration of Rome and Greece
·
Expansion of Islam and the Mongol conquests
·
Opportunity to learn from India, Arabia, Iran,
Central Asia and China
3.
Do you think that the
Renaissance started a new age? (HOTS)
Answer: Undoubtedly, it can be said that the Renaissance started a new age. The
reasons are as follows:
·
The Renaissance broke the feudal bonds and
established nation-states.
·
Before the Renaissance period, the church was the
supreme authority. People had complete faith in the authority of the church.
But in the Renaissance period, rational thinking and logical thought were
dominant.
·
It brought about new ideologies in art and literature.
Art and literature began to prosper and reached at its glory. Intellectuals and
philosophers attacked on the social norms of the society through their
writings. Many painters showed the evils of society through their paintings.
4. Enlist the names of women
intellectually creative during the period of Renaissance in Europe.
Answer: The women like Cassandra Fedele and
Isabella d’Este were educated in Latin and Greek. Fedele proved that woman can
also become a humanist scholar and requested every woman to acquire humanist
education. She said, “Even though the study of letters promises and offers no
reward for women and no dignity, every woman ought to seek and embrace these
studies”. Her writings brought into focus the general regard for education in
that age. Another lady Isabella d’Este ruled the state while her husband was
absent and the court of Mantua was famed for its intellectual brilliance.
Women’s writings revealed their conviction that they should have economic
power, property and education to achieve an identity in the male dominated
world.
5. Why did the movement break out
against the Catholic Church?
Answer: The movement broke out against the Catholic Church due to the
following reasons:
·
The Catholics were closely related with the king
and power for many centuries.
·
They preferred a life full of luxury.
·
Their life was completely different from common
man.
·
The Catholics were regarded more as the
representatives of king than God as they had the power of extracting taxes.
·
Because of such powers, they became unscrupulous
which finally led to revolt by common man.
6. Which factors led to voyages
discoveries?
Answer:
Following factors led to the voyages discoveries:
·
Motive of enslaving people
·
Encouragement to trade and commerce which led to
earning money
·
Desire to earn name and fame
7. Which factors indicate success
of nation-states?
Answer: The following points indicate the success of nation-states:
·
It brought an end to all forms of slavery.
·
New ideas emerged.
·
There was much progress in the field of
agriculture, industry and trade.
·
It was responsible for the establishment of
constitutional form of government in many countries.
·
Rise of educated people, i.e. intellectual middle
class.
8. The humanists made distinction
between middle age and modern age. How?
Answer:
The humanists opined that after the collapse of
Roman empire, the dark age had begun. Later on, scholars followed them and
assumed that a new age had begun in Europe from 14th century. After the fall of
Roman empire, they used the term ‘Middle Age’ for one thousand years. They
argued that the church had complete control over the people. The period of
Modem age started from 15th century.
9. What was the view of Leon
Batista Alberti on architect?
Answer:
According to Alberti, an architect was a professional who beautifully fixed
or assembled the parts of architecture and amassed bodies by the varied skilled
and unskilled persons. The same is used by mankind for shelter. His expertise
in his work made them immortal.
10. What was the contribution of Galileo?
Answer: It was Galileo who established knowledge distinct from belief. Galileo
told that knowledge is based on observation and experiment. He further told
that scientific process is required to know the things in their real forms. He
also told that beliefs are based on hearsay, myth, concoction and conjecture
which is always untrue.
12. Discuss the important changes
that took place during Renaissance.
Answer: The important changes that took place during
Renaissance was the separation of private and public spheres of life. According
to this change, public sphere was meant by the area of Government and of formal
religion while private sphere was confined to the family and personal religion.
This way, a man was supposed not to be simply a member of one of the three
orders but he was also a person in his own right. Later on it brought the sense
of equal political rights to all individuals.
13. Write a note on the following:
(i) Spirit of Inquiry
(ii) Spirit of Humanism
Answer:
·
Spirit of Inquiry: It developed scientific ideas
among the people and they abandoned the supersitious beliefs and rituals that
sustained in the entire society. It paved way for new invention which changed
the way of life.
·
Spirit of Humanism: It is also one of the
significant features of Renaissance. Writers of this age gave top priority to
matters relating to the life of men and laid emphasis on human welfare.
Humanism supported freedom to individual and criticized the unjust restriction
imposed on people by religion.
14. What was Counter Reformation
Movement?
Answer: Counter Reformation Movement came into being as a
result of the Reformation movement. Many defects had come into Catholicism but
the Roman Catholic Church did not pay heed to it. That is why this movement was
spreading rapidly. According to the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church
tried to reform itself of some of its objectionable practices . For example,
now the Bishops were appointed on the basis of ability.
15. Italian towns were the first
to experience the ideas of humanism. Why?
Answer: A large number of classics were composed by the Roman and Greek
scholars. Due to lack of education, these books remained unread. But during
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, education spread in Italy. After the
spread of education these books were translated. These books introduced
humanistic views to the people of Italy. Subjects of humanism started to be
taught in schools and colleges of Italy. Anthropology, natural science,
astronomy, medicine and mathematics fell under the category of this subject.
These were the reasons responsible for Italian towns to experience the ideas of
humanism first.
16. What was the political system
that emerged in nation-states?
Answer: King was the supreme authority. He was considered
to be the representative of God on the earth. The king was free from the
intervention of pope and the feudal lords. The powerful monarchies had strong
courts of appeal. The courts could challenge and condemn the decisions of the
feudal lords. The rich middle classes financed, supported and strengthened the
king.
17. What were the effects of
Glorious Revolution?
Answer: Glorious Revolution occurred in England in 1688. Following were the
effects of the Glorious Revolution:
·
It ended the despotic rule of the Stuart King.
·
It resulted in the formation of nation-state in
England.
·
It laid down the foundation of the independent
judiciary.
·
It established democracy.
·
It marked the victory of Protestants.
18. Nation-states marked a step
forward in man’s progress. Discuss.
Answer: Emergence of nation-states established humanism. The nation-states
also struck a death blow to the feudal system. These states led the people on
their way to social, economic and political growth. They united the people
belonging to a common culture. These states were able to promote the spirit of
nationalism by releasing their people from the clutches of the Pope and the
priests.
19.Write the contributions of
Leonardo-da-Vinci.
Answer: Leonardo-da-Vinci was a great artist of Italy. He was very
talented. Vinci was a poet, singer, painter, sculptor, philosopher, scientist
and engineer. He knew many languages During Renaissance period , he painted
many pictures. ‘Mona Lisa’ and ‘The Last Supper’ are his famous paintings.
These paintings are still admired throughout the world.
20. Discuss the underlying
principles of presumptions constituting independent city states in Italy.
Answer: The government in those city states was of
democratic type whereas government of Venice city was republican. Some others
were court cities ruled by princess. Underlying principles of constituting
these city-states can be summed up as under:
·
It was an Institute of Commonwealth. It was the
supreme authority of city-states through the Council.
·
There was a Council constituted by members, all
gentleman of the city who had attained the age of 25 years.
1. Discuss the different scientific aspects reflected in the works of
sixteenth century Italian artists.
Answer: Following facts reflect the different scientific aspects in the works
of Italian artists:
·
Andreas Vesalius (1514-64), a Belgian and a
professor of medicine at the university of Padua was the first to dissect human
body. This was the beginning of modern physiology. The artists went to the
laboratories and studied skeletons there. They started working once they learnt
the body structure of human beings.
·
Fragments of art discovered from the ruins of Roman
Empire, became helpful to the Italian artists as perfectly proportioned men and
women were sculpted there. On the basis of this study, one of the sculptors
Donatello made life like statues in 1416.
·
Leonardo da Vinci was a painter and artist. He
painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. His self-portrait is vibrant and catchy.
·
Scientific taste in arts like sculptures naturally
had to emerge life-like vibrancy in the artifacts.
2. What were the demerits of the
nation-states?
Answer: The nation-states were established in the Renaissance
period. These states were governed by a strong political ruler. These states
used to keep themselves free from all kinds of interference, i.e. political or
religious.
Following were the demerits of the nation-states:
·
Attitude of King: The king was the supreme
authority. Being despotic, their self-interest was supreme. The Pope and feudal
lords could not force them to work in the interests of the state and its
people.
·
National Interest: States became self-interested
and individualistic after the creation of nation-states. International
interests were ignored. An environment of animosity also appeared because of
the clash of interests of different nation-states.
·
Feeling of Selfishness: There developed a feeling
of selfishness among the people. This resulted in the feeling of hatred in the
minds of people for other nation-states.
3. Describe the changes brought by
the Renaissance in the contemporary life of the people.
Answer: Renaissance brought the following changes in the
contemporary life of the people:
·
Old age superstitions and social evils came to an
end.
·
New ideas and scientific beliefs began to gain much
importance.
·
It also laid emphasis on humanism.
·
People began to discard old values.
·
It inspired the contemporary writers and philosophers.
·
Many universities were established to provide
education.
·
Education and knowledge began to spread quickly.
4. How did the Italian culture
revive after the fall of Western Roman empire?
Answer: There were some changes that took place after the fall of Western
Roman empire. These changes revived the culture of Italy. After the fall of
Western Roman empire, political and cultural centres in Italy were destroyed.
There was no unified government at that time. Italy was a weak and divided country.
Pope was sovereign in his own state but not quite strong in European politics.
Regions of Western Europe were reshaped by feudal relations. These regions were
unified under the Latin church. The Byzantine empire brought changes in Eastern
Europe. A common civilization was being created by Islam in the west.
The above-mentioned changes were responsible for bringing about the revival of
Italian culture.
5. The seventeenth century Europeans
witnessed the world as different. Explain.
Answer: Europeans witnessed the world different due to the
following reasons.
·
A distinct urban culture was developed. People
living in towns started thinking as more civilized than rural people.
·
Towns started to grow in many European cities.
·
Florence, Venice and Rome were the main towns which
became centres of art and learning.
·
The rich and aristocratic people patronized artists
and writers.
·
Invention of printing press made books available to
many people.
·
People began contrasting their modem world with the
ancient one of the Greeks and Romans. This was the beginning of the development
of a sense of history in Europe.
6. What were the causes of
Renaissance in Western Europe?
Answer: Following were the main causes of Renaissance in
Western Europe:
·
The Crusades : Many fanatic lords and barons died
during the crusades. Besides this, people came in contact with the developed
culture of the Arabs. The new ideas inspired them to think freely. They started
learning about the superstitions and narrow mindedness which proved helpful in
bringing Renaissance.
·
Spread of Islam : During the period of the Middle
Ages, Islam spread rapidly. Constantinople was conquered by Turks in 1493.This
resulted in the fleeing of most of the Christians from Constantinople to Italy
and some other places. They spread among the people the spirit of reasoning and
free thinking. All these led to the Renaissance.
·
Emergence of cities and towns : Growth of free
cities took place due to the decline of feudalism. In these cities, trade,
commerce and industry grew quite rapidly. The trading class became rich. They
did some welfare works also. They set up many schools and colleges.
7. What were the main
characteristics of Renaissance?
Answer:
The meaning of Renaissance is rebirth. Renaissance
resulted in coming out of nation-states out of darkness of medieval ages.
Because of Renaissance, these nation-states saw the light of modern era. Men
became rational and scientific in their approach. New ideas and style came into
prominence.
The main characteristics of Renaissance are as follows:
·
Cities of Italy emerged as the first centre of the
Renaissance.
·
Architecture and literature developed.
·
A new style came into prominence.
·
New towns came into existence.
·
Humanism, free thinking and reasoning emerged.
·
Men became rational and scientific in their
approach.
Passage Based
Read the following passages and answer the
that follow:
Passage 1.
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote about human nature in the fifteenth chapter of
his book, The Prince (1513).So, leaving aside imaginary things, and referring
only to those which truly exist, I say that whenever men are discussed (and
especially princes, who are more exposed to view), they are noted for various
qualities which earn them either praise or condemnation. Some, for example, are
held to be generous, and others miserly. Some are held to be benefactors,
others are called grasping; some cruel, some compassionate; one man faithless,
another faithful; one man effeminate and cowardly, another fierce and
courageous; one man courteous, another proud; one man lascivious, another pure;
one guileless, another crafty; one stubborn, another flexible; one grave,
another frivolous; one religious, another sceptical; and so forth. Machiavelli
believed that ‘all men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature
partly because of the fact that human desires are insatiable’. The most
powerful motive Machiavelli saw as the incentive for every human action is
self-interest.
(i) Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
(ii) Why was he famous for?
(iii) What did Niccolo Machiavelli believe in?
Answers
(i) Niccolo Machiavelli was a famous historian of Florence. He is regarded as
the Father of the Modern Political Science.
(ii) Machiavelli wrote ‘The Prince’ in 1513. In it, he described the
political problems of that period which Italy had to face. He also laid the
principles of administration.
(iii) He believed that all men are bad and ever ready to display their
vicious nature partly because of the fact that human desires are insatiable.
The most powerful motive for every action is self-interest.
Passage 2.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-94), a humanist of Florence, wrote on
the importance of debate in On the Dignity of Man (1486). For [Plato and
Aristotle] it was certain that, for the attainment of the knowledge of truth
they were always seeking for themselves, nothing is better than to attend as
often as possible the exercise of debate. For just as bodily energy is
strengthened by gymnastic exercise, so beyond doubt in this wrestling-place of
letters, as it were, energy of mind becomes far stronger and more vigorous.’
:
(i) What do you know about Giovanni Pico della Mirandola? What did he write?
(ii) What did he say about the importance of debate in ‘On the Dignity of Man’?
(iii) Name the two spheres in which Renaissance brought about revolutionary
changes.
Answers:
(i) Giovanni Pico della Mirandola was an Italian Renaissance philosopher. He
wrote on the importance of debate in ‘On the Dignity of Man’. At the age of 23,
he proposed to defend religions, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic
against all the outcomes about which he had written a famous book “On the
Dignity of Man.”
(ii) He discussed the importance of debate in “On the ‘Dignity of Man’. For
Plato and Aristotle, it was certain that, for the attainment of the knowledge
of truth they were always seeking for themselves, nothing is better than to
attend as often as possible the exercise of debate.
(iii) The two spheres in which Renaissance brought about revolutionary
changes were:
·
Social sphere of life in Europe
·
Political sphere of life in Europe
Passage 3.
William Tyndale (1494-1536), an English Lutheran who translated the Bible
into English in 1506, defended Protestantism thus: ‘In this they be all agreed,
to drive you from the knowledge of the scripture, and that ye shall not have
the text thereof in the mother-tongue, and to keep the world still
in darkness, to the intent they might sit in the consciences of the people,
through vain superstition and false doctrine, to satisfy their proud ambition,
and insatiable covetousness, and to exalt their own honour above king and
emperor, yea, and above God himself… Which thing only moved me to translate the
New Testament. Because I had perceived by experience, how that it was
impossible to establish the lay-people in any truth, except the scripture were
plainly laid before their eyes in their mother- tongue, that they might see the
process, order, and meaning of the text.’
(i) What do you know about William Tyndale?
(ii) What were his objectives to translate the Bible into English?
(iii) What were the issues on which the Protestants criticised the Catholic Church?
Write any two issues.
Answers
(i) William Tyndale was an English Lutheran. He translated the Bible into
English.
(ii)
·
To make available the copies of the Bible to the
layman.
·
To expose the malpractises indulged by the church
on the name of the text written in it (i.e. the Bible).
(iii) They criticised the Catholic Church on following issues:
·
The Protestants also criticised the Catholic Church
because of immoral and luxurious life led by the church men.
·
Sale of ‘Letter of Indulgence’ by the church to
those people who had committed sins.
Passage 4.
This self-portrait is by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) who had an amazing
range of interests from botany and anatomy to mathematics and art. He painted
the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. One of his dreams was to be able to fly. He
spent years observing birds in flight, and designed a flying machine. He signed
his name ‘Leonardo da vinci, disciple of experiment’.
(i) Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
(ii) Mention the names of two paintings made by Leonardo da Vinci.
(iii) What was the area of interest of Leonardo da Vinci?
Answers
(i) Leonardo da Vinci was the famous painter of Italy.
(ii)
·
Mona Lisa
·
The Last Supper.
(iii) Leonardo da Vinci took a seen interest in botany anatomy, mathematics
and art.
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