ECO (IX)- LESSON-2 PEOPLE AS RESOURCES (LESSON NOTES)

 

ECO (IX)- LESSON-2

PEOPLE AS RESOURCES

(LESSON NOTES)

__________________________________________________________________________________ 

v INTRODUCTION
Ø People as resources refers as the human beings are like other resources or better than other resources. Population is not as liability towards the nation, it become an asset when there is investment in human beings in form of education, skill, health care etc.
Ø In this chapter we will discuss about the quality of population. How we can convert the population in human capital and its impact.
v PEOPLE AS RESOURCES
Ø 'People as Resource' referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.

Ø Like other resources population also is a resource — a 'human resource'. This is the positive side of a large population.

 

Ø It can further develop by investing in education and health care facilities, we call it 'human capital formation' that adds to the productive power of the country just like 'physical capital formation'.

Ø In fact, human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital: human resource can make use of land and capital. Land and capital cannot become useful on its own. We see it by these two examples: -
§  GREEN REVOLUTION IN INDIA

·      India’s Green Revolution is a dramatic example of how the input of greater knowledge in the form of improved production technologies can rapidly increase the productivity of scarce land resources.

 
§  EXAMPLE OF JAPAN
·      Japan, did not have any natural resource even that it is a developed. They have invested on people, especially in the field of education and health. So, they imported the natural resources from other country and made efficient use of these resources by technology.
v ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Ø The activities which produce goods and services and add value to the national income are called economic activities. These activities are called
economic activities. Economic activities have two parts: -
Ø Market activities: - The activities which performed for pay or profit are called as market activities. These include production of goods or services, including government service.
Ø Non-market activities: - The activities which performed for self-consumption are called as non-market activities. For example, work done in home.
Ø SECTOR OF ECONOMY

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES	SECONDARY ACTIVITIES	TERITORY ACTIVITIES
The activities which are obtain the raw material directly from nature is called as primary activities.	The sector in which raw material are converted in finished goods by processing is called as secondary sector.	The sector which provide services to primary and secondary sector is referred as territory sector.
It includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying etc.	Manufacturing is included in the secondary sector	Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance, etc. are included in the tertiary sector.

v DIVISION OF LABOUR

Ø The division of labour refers to the way in which society divides work among men and women, boys and girls, according to socially-established gender roles. Women generally look after domestic chores and men work in the fields or outside work. This division of labour create discriminate with women as :-
§  The work which is done by women at home is not recognised as work though it is hardworking.
§  For those work they were not paid hence not included in the national oncome.
§  Women are paid low compared to men. Most women work where job security is not there.
§  A majority of women have meagre education and low skill formation so work in labour market.
§  In this sector there is an absence of basic facilities like maternity leave, childcare and other social security systems. However, women with high education and skill formation are paid at par with the men.
v QUALITY OF POPULATION
Ø The quality of the population ultimately decides the growth rate of the
country. Literate and healthy population are an asset. It depends upon
the literacy rate, health of a person and skill formation.
v EDUCATION
Ø Education is an important input for the growth of any person. It provided new aspiration and developed values of life, not only for a person but also contributes towards the growth of society. It enhances national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance.
v INDIAN GOVERNMENT STEPS FOR IMPROVE THE EDUCATION
Ø Indian government also made provision for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls under National Education Policy 1986.
Ø Government also established many schools, college, Navodaya Vidyalaya, KVs, vocational schools, ITI etc in each district for skill development.
Ø The budget on education has increased from Rs 151 crore (0.65 % of GDP) in the first plan to Rs 3766.90 crores (3% of GDP) in the eleventh plan.

Ø For the universalisation of elementary education to all children from the age 6 -14-year government initiated the Sarva Siksha Abhiyan from 2010.

 
Ø Mid-day meal scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status.
Ø By the above the efforts the literacy rates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11 and Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) also increased in higher education from 18 % to 30% by 2020–21.
v YET TO DO MORE
Ø Though the literacy rate increased but there is large gap between male and female literacy rate.

Ø The number of schools, college and university increased but it should more as per our population.

 
Ø literacy rates also varied in rural and urban areas and in states. It is 94% in Kerala while 62% in Bihar.
Ø The huge expansion of schools has been diluted by the poor quality of schooling and high dropout rates.
Ø The budget on education also very less of its GDP ratio. It should at least 6% of GDP.

v HEALTH

  Ø Health is an indispensable basis for realising one’s well-being. The health of a person helps him to realise his/her potential and the ability to fight illness. Henceforth, improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country.

v GOVERNMENT STEPS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH SYSTEM

  Ø Our national policy aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.

  Ø Over the last five decades, India has built a vast health infrastructure as number of hospital, CHC, PHC, medical college, lab technicians, blood banks, nurses etc.

  Ø Recently Government launched the health scheme for all Named as Ayushman Bharata Yojna and many insurances plan for common people for health safety.

v EFFECT OF THESE INITIATES: -

  Ø The measures, which have been adopted, have increased the life expectancy to over 68.3 years in 2014. It refers the average age of child at the time of birth. Increase in longevity of life is an indicator of good quality of life.

  Ø Infant mortality rate (IMR) has also come down from 147 in 1951 to 34 in 2016. It refers as the death of a child below one year of age.

  Ø Birth rates have also dropped to 20.4 and death rates to 6.4 within the same duration of time. Birth rates is the number of babies born for every 1,000 people during a particular period of time. Death rate is the number of people per 1,000 who die during a particular period of time.

v BUT THAT’S NOT ENOUGH:

  Ø Though the health structure improved compared to 1960s, but even that there are some lacking in this field as :-

  Ø There are many places in India which do not have even these basic health facilities.

  Ø There are only 542 medical colleges in the country and 301 dental colleges, which are very less compare to our population.

  Ø Most of the hospital are in the urban areas so the condition of rural areas is very critical in health structure.

  Ø Even today many people did not get nutritious food which create health issues. The government also spend very less (1.5 % of GDP) on health structure.

v TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

  Ø SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT: -

§  Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year. In rural areas in agriculture sector people usually did not find work in certain months. In urban areas some industries also worked in specific seasons.

  Ø DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT: -

§  Disguised unemployment or hidden unemployment means when more people are engaged in any activity than the requirement. Here the person appears to be employed but his productivity is zero or very less. It is found in agriculture sector or shop keeping. For example in agricultural activity a work requires the service of five people but engages eight people. Three people are extra. These three people also work in the same plot as the others. The contribution made by the three extra people does not add to the contribution.

  Ø EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT: -

§  When a person is educated but not able to find work according to his capability is refer as educated employment. It is very peculiar problem in our country in these days.

  Ø EFFECT OF UNEMPLOYMENT

§  Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.

§  Due to unemployment people who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability.

§  It also created feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth. It may turn the youth to the world of crime.

§  Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful

employment implies a great social waste.

§  Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The quality of life of an individual as well as of society is adversely affected.

§  Due to unemployment the dependence of the unemployed persons on the working population increase.