HISTORY (VIII)- LESSON-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY (QUESTION ANSWERS)

 

 

HISTORY (VIII)- LESSON-2

FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

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(NCERT QUESTION ANSWERS)

 

 

1. Match the following:

1. Diwani	A. Tipu Sultan
2. “Tiger of Mysore”	B. Right to collect land revenue
3. Faujdari Adalat	C. Sepoy
4. Rani Channamma	D. Criminal Court
5. Sipahi	E. Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

Answer: 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-E, 5-C

 

 2. Fill in the blanks:
(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of …………
(b) Haider All and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of …………..
(c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of ……………
(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the part of …………… India.
Answer:
(a) Plassey
(b) Mysore
(c) Lapse
(d) Western

 3. State whether true or false:
(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
(b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India.
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

 4. What attracted European trading companies to India?
Answer: European trading companies were attracted due to the following reasons:

1.    Cheap and fine quality of silk and cotton.

2.    For spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon etc.

 5. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company?
Answer:    The Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy and refused to grant the Company concessions,

1.    They demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade,

2.    They denied the Company any right to mint coins,

3.    They stopped the Company from extending its fortifications

4.    They claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials. These were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company.

 6. How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?
Answer: The Mughal emperor, in 1765, appointed the Company’s the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal.

1.    The Diwani allowed the Company to exploit the vast revenue resources of Bengal. This solved a major problem that the company had earlier faced.

2.    It had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain.

3.    But now the overflow of gold from Britain stopped after the assumption of Diwani.

4.    Now revenue from India could finance Company expenses. These revenues they used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

 7. Explain the system of ‘subsidiary alliance’.
Answer: Subsidiary Alliance System

1.    According to this treaty the Britishers as a supreme power. The East India Company behaved as a guardian of that state.

2.    Appointment of resident: The state kept an English Resident in their court,
to check the activities of the king.

3.    Indian rulers were not allowed to have their army to protect the state from external and internal invasion. The state had to keep an English army. The state had to bear financial burden of the army.

4.    Giving to the territory: If the Indian rulers failed to make payments, part of their territories were taken away as penalty.

8. In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

Answer: The administration of the Company was different from that of the Indian rulers in the following ways:

1.    The Company divided its administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies –  Bengal, Madras and Bombay. In India, districts were the main administrative units.

2.    Each presidency was ruled by a Governor. Districts were ruled by the Collectors.

3.    The supreme head of the administration of the Company was the Governor-General. But in India, the head of the administration was the king. .

4.    The main job of the Governor-General was to introduce administrative reforms while the main job of the Collector was to collect revenue and taxes- and maintain law and order in his district.

 9. Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.
Answer: many changes were occurred in the composition of Company army as:-

1.    East India Company adopted its own method when it began recruitment for the army.

2.    It was known as the sepoy army (from the Indian word sipahi, meaning soldier).

3.    With the change in warfare technology from the 1820s, the cavalry needs of the Company’s army declined, soldiers were armed with muskets and matchlocks.

4.    The soldiers had to keep pace with changing military requirements.

5.    Its infantry regiments now became more important.

6.    In the early 19th century the British began to develop a uniform military culture.

7.    Soldiers were given European-style training drills and discipline.

10. After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta -grew from a small village to a big city. Find out about the culture, architecture, and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period.
Answer: Hints: Visit the school library or get information from the internet.
Indians were influenced by British culture, architecture and lifestyle.

1.    Culture: British influence began.

2.    Architecture: Influenced by the British Architecture (fortification of the city, churches, etc.). Rich Indians started constructing bungalows in the English style.

3.    Life: English education, English clothes, became to be popular.

 11. Collect pictures, stories, poems, and information about any of the following – the Rani of Jhansi, Mahadji Sindhia, Haidar Ali, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord Dalhousie, or any other contemporary ruler of your region.
Answer: The Rani of Jhansi: Collect information and photographs
Hints:

1. Rani of Jhansi:

Lakshmibai was born probably on 19 November 1828 in the holy town of Varanasi in a Marathi brahmin family. Her father was Moropant Tambe. Her father worked for a court of Peshwa of Bithoor district. Peshwa brought Manikarnika up like his own daughter. The Peshwa called her “Chhabili”, which means “playful”.

She was educated at home and was more independent in her childhood than others of her age; her studies included archery, horsemanship, and self-defense.

Rani Lakshmibai was accustomed to ride on horseback accompanied by a small escort between the palace and the temple. The Rani Mahal, the place of Rani Lakshmibai, has now been converted into a museum. She died, fighting British Army bravely, to save her state Jhansi.

2. Mahadaji Shindhia

Mahadaji Shinde (1730-1794 A.D.) also spelled as Mahadji Scindia or Mahadaji Scindia, was a Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India.

Mahadaji was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power in North India after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 and rose to become a trusted lieutenant of the Peshwa, leader of the Maratha Empire. During his reign, Gwalior became the leading state in the Maratha Empire and one of the foremost military powers in India.

He accompanied Shah Alarm II (Mughal Badshah) in 1771 to Delhi in order to restore the Mughals in Delhi. The Marathas were practically at that time ruling Delhi. He annihilated the power of Jats of Mathura and during 1772-73 and destroyed the power of Pashtun Rohillas in Rohilkhand and captured Najibabad. His role during the ‘First Anglo Maratha War was greatest from the Maratha side since he humbled the British in Central India, single-handed, which resulted in the Treaty of Salbai in 1782, where he mediated between the Peshwa and the British.

3. Hyder Ali Of Mysore

Hyder Ali (1721-1782) was the sultan and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born Hyder Naik, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore’s rulers. Rising to the post of Dalavayi (commander-in-chief) to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government. He became the de facto ruler of Mysore as Sarvadhikari (Chief Minister) by 1761. He offered strong anti-colonial resistance against the military advances of the British East’India Company during the First and Second Anglo Mysore Wars and he was the innovator of military use of the ‘iron-cased Mysorean rockets.

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Ranjit Singh was born to Sardar Maha Singh and Raj Kaur on 13 November 1780, in Gujranwala, Punjab (now in Pakistan). As a child, he suffered from smallpox which resulted in the loss of one eye. At the time, much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs under a Confederate Sarbat Khalsa system, which had divided the territory among factions known as misls Ranjit Singh’s father was the commander of the Sukerchakia Misl and controlled a territory in west Punjab based around his headquarter at Gujranwala.

In 1799, Ranjit Singh captured Lahore (now in Pakistan) from the Bhangi Misl and later made it his capital. This was the first important step in his rise to power. In the following years, he brought the whole of central Punjab from the Sutlej to the Jhelum under his sway. This area includes north of Satluj (Jullundhar, Amritsar, Pathankot, etc.); and Lahore, Multan, etc. of Pakistan.

5. Lord Dalhousie

Governor-general of India (1848 to 1856): Lord Dalhousie is one the most negatively remembered personality in the rule of East India Company. He ruled India with his full efficiency from 1848 to 1856 A.D. In India, he was famous for various negative and positive reasons.
Positive:

1.    Starting of Railway in 1853 A.D. for the first time, between Bombay to Thane.

2.    Starting with postal and telegraph services in India.

3.    Starting with widow remarriage in 1856 A.D.

4.    Completion of Ganges Canal.

5.    Reform in Indian civil services.

Negative

1.    East India Company captured the princely state of Punjab in 1849 A.D.

2.    Second Anglo-Burmese War.

3.    Doctrine of Lapse (Most Controversial).

4.    Annexation of Awadh.

 

 

(OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTION)

1.    (i) Which one was not a trading company?
(a) The Portuguese
(b) The Dutch
(c) The French
(d) The Japanese

 

(ii) What was farman?
(a) It was a royal dress.
(b) It was a royal order.
(c) It was a royal food.
(d) It was a royal procession.

(iii) The Nawab of Bengal after Alivardi Khan was
(a) Murshid Quli Khan
(b) Tipu Sultan
(c) Sirajuddaulah
(d) Mir Qasim

(iv) The British who did the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey was
(a) Robert Clive
(b) Lord Hastings
(c) Edmund Burke
(d) Lord Dalhousie

(v) This Governor-General introduced the policy of ‘paramountcy’.
(a) Lord Hastings
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Bentinck

(vi) Which one of these was annexed on the basis of Dolhousie’s ‘Doctrine of Lapse’?
(a) Punjab
(b) Awadh
(c) Satara
(d) Hyderabad

(vii) The Governor-General who was impeached
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Hastings
Answer:
(i) (d), (ii) (b), (iii) (c), (iv) (a), (v) (a), (vi) (c), (vii) (c).

2.    Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence.

1.    British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called …………….

2.    ……….. and ………… were two famous Maratha soldiers and statesmen of the late 18th century.

3.    The Royal Charter could not prevent other European powers from entering the …………… markets.

4.    The Bengal Nawabs asserted their power and autonomy after the death of …………..

5.    ………….. was made the Nawab of Bengal after the defeat of Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.

6.    The Company took over Awadh in the year ……………..

7.    The principal figure in an Indian district was the …………….

8.    The first Anglo-Maratha war ended with the Treaty of …………………

Answer:

1.    Presidencies

2.    Mahadji Sindhia; Nana Phadnavis

3.    Eastern

4.    Aurangzeb

5.    Mir Jafar

6.    1856

7.    Collector

8.    Sabai

3.    State whether each of the following statements is True or False.

1.    The Maratha power was crushed in the third Anglo-Maratha war.

2.    Tipu Sultan disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company.

3.    The Company took away parts of territories from Punjab and Satara on the basis of ‘subsidiary alliance’.

4.    The Mughal emperor appointed the Company as the Diwgzt of the provinces of Bengal in the year 1700.

5.    Sirajuddaulah got help from his commander Mir Jafar and finally won a victory in the Battle of Plassey.

6.    Lord Dalhousie’s ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ proved to be a total failure.

Answer:

1.    True

2.    True

3.    False

4.    True

5.    False

6.    False

1. Who was the ruler of England in 1600?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth, I was the ruler of England in 1600.

 2. What caused huge loss of revenue in Bengal?
Answer: Aurangzeb’s Farman had granted the Company only the right to trade duty-free. But the officials of the Company, who were carrying on private trade on the side, also stopped paying duty. This caused a huge loss of revenue for Bengal.

 3. Why did the Company want a puppet ruler?
Answer: A puppet ruler would willingly give it trade concessions and other privileges.

 4. What was the main reason for the defeat of Sirajuddaulah at Plassey?
Answer: Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, did not fight the battle.

 5. Why did the Battle of Plassey become famous?
Answer: It was the first major victory the Company won in India.

 6. Whom did the Company install in place of Mir Jafar?
Answer: The company installed Mir Qasim in place of Mir Jafar.

 7. How did the Company purchase Indian goods?
Answer: It purchased Indian goods with gold and silver imported from Britain.

 8. Who was called ‘nabobs’?
Answer: Several Company officials returned to Britain with wealth and led flashy lives and showed their riches with great pride. They were called “nabobs’.

 9. Who were the Residents?
Answer: The Residents were the political or commercial agents and their job was to serve and further the interests of the Company.

 10. What purpose did the Residents serve?
Answer: Through the residents, the Company officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian states.

 11.Name the two rulers under whose leadership Mysore became powerful.
Answer: Haider Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan.

 12. Why did Tipu Sultan develop a close relationship with the French in India?
Answer: He did so in order to modernise his army with their help.

 13. What happened in the-Battle of Seringapatam?
Answer: Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.

 14. What was the result of the second Anglo-Maratha war?
Answer: The British gained Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

 15 . What was the objective behind the Company’s new policy of ‘paramountcy ’?
Answer: The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme and therefore its power was greater than that of Indian states.

 16. What was the result of Rani Channamma’s anti-British resistance movement?
Answer: She was put in the prison where she died.

 17. What was Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer: If an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become the part of Company territory.

 18. Name the Kingdoms which were annexed on the basis of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
Answer: Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur, and Jhansi.

 19. What constituted the Mughal army?
Answer: Cavalry and infantry, that is; paidal soldiers.

 20. Why was Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India, tried after he returned to England?
Answer: He was tried for the misgovernance of Bengal.

 21. What was the result of this trial?
Answer: Warren Hastings was impeached.

Short Answer Type s

 1. Give an account of different European trading companies besides the British East India Company that entered the Eastern markets.
Answer: Different European trading companies were:

1.    The Portuguese (1498). By the time the first English ships sailed down the West coast of Africa, round the Cape of Good Hope, and crossed the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese had already established their presence in the western coast of India and had their base in Goa.

2.    The Dutch (1602). By the early 17th century, the Dutch too were exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian Ocean.

3.    The Denmark (1616)- Denish east India company also came in India for trading.

4.    The French (1664)  The French traders soon arrived on the scene for the same purpose.

 

2. Write a note on Tipu Sultan – The ‘Tiger of Mysore’.
Answer: Tipu Sultan was the famous ruler of Mysore. He ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799. Under his leadership, Mysore became very powerful. It controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom. In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of these items through the ports of his kingdom and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company. He also developed a relationship with the French in India to modernise his army with their help. The British got furious. They waged four battles against Tipu Sultan. The last battle proved unfortunate for him. He was killed defending his capital Seringapatam. The way he resisted the British is undoubtedly praiseworthy.

 3. Give a brief description of all the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Also, write the main consequences.
Answer: The Company waged a series of wars against the Marathas in order to crush Maratha power:

1.    In the first war, there was no clear victor, hence it ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Sabai.

2.    The second Anglo – Maratha War began in 1803 and ended in 1805. This war was fought on different fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

3.    The Third Anglo – Maratha War of 1817-1819 crushed Maratha power. The Peshwa was removed. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.

Long Answer Type s

1.    Give an account of the Battle of Plassey.
Answer: The Company was very keen to have a puppet ruler in place of Sirajuddaulah so that it might enjoy trade concessions and other privileges. It began to help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become the nawab. This infuriated Sirajuddaulah. He sternly asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with his soldiers to the English factory at Kasimbazar, captured the Company officials, disarmed all Englishmen, and blocked English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. As soon as the Company officials in Madras heard the news of the fall of Calcutta, they sent forces under the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets. Prolonged negotiations with the Nawab followed. But no concrete solution came out. Finally, in 1759, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.

In this battle, Sirajuddaulah got defeated. The main reason was that one of his commanders, Mir Jafar, did not fight the battle. He, in fact, supported the Company by not fighting because the Company had promised to make him Nawab after defeating Sirajuddaulah. The victory of the Company in the Battle of Plassey gave it immense confidence. It was the first major victory of the Company in India.