HISTORY-(X)-LESSON -1
CHAPTER 1: RISE OF NATIONALISM IN
EUROPE
(QUESTION ANSWERS)
_______________________________________________________________________
NCERT TEXT BOOK EXERCISE
Question 1. Write a
note on:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de
Cavour
(c) The Greek war of
independence
(d) Frankfurt
Parliament
(e) The role of women
in nationalist struggles
Answer:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
- Giuseppe Mazzini was an
Italian. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret
society of the Carbonari.
- As a young man of 24, he was
sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He
subsequently founded two more underground societies - Young Italy in
Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.
- Mazzini believed that God
had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
(b) Count
Camillo de Cavour
- He was the chief minister of
Sardinia-Piedmont state. He led the movement to unify the regions of
Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
- Like many other wealthy and
educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he
did Italian.
- He engineered a careful
diplomatic alliance with France with the help of which Sardinia-Piedmont
succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. This, consequently
helped to free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
(c) The Greek
war of independence
- It was an event that
mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
- The growth of revolutionary
nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the
Greeks which began in 1821.
- Nationalists in Greece got
support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western
Europeans who had sympathies for the ancient Greek culture.
(d) Frankfurt
parliament
- All those political
associations existing in the German region whose members were middle-class
professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans, formed an all-German
National Assembly.
- On Its first meeting was
held on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt where 831
elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their
places. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a
monarchy subject to a parliament.
- When the deputies offered
the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he
rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly
Question 2. What
steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity
among the French people?
Answer. The French
revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective
identity among the French people. These were:
- The French revolutionaries
introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the
fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
- A new French flag, the
tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
- The Estates General was
elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
- New hymns were composed,
oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
- A centralised administrative
system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within
its territory.
- Internal customs duties and
dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was
adopted.
- Regional dialects were
discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the
common language of the nation.
Question 3. Who
were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they
were portrayed?
Answer: Marianne and Germania
were female allegories for the French and the German nation respectively. These
female allegories were used to portray ideas such as Liberty, Republic and
Justice. These allegories remind the public of the national symbol of unity and
to persuade them to identify with it.
Question
4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer: In 1848, the middle
class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation
into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. They were, however,
repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by
the large landowners of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership
of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck
was the architect of this process with the help of the Prussian army and
bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France –
ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January
1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony
held at Versailles.
Question 5. What
changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient
in the territories ruled by him?
Answer: Napoleon introduced
the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the
areas ruled by him:
- He established civil code in
1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with all privileges
based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured the
right to property.
- He simplified administrative
divisions, abolished feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and
manorial dues. In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and
communication systems were improved.
- Guild restrictions were
removed in the towns. Transport and communication systems were improved.
- Peasants, artisans,
businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom.
Discuss
Question 1. Explain
what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political,
social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer: The 1848 revolution
was led by the educated middle classes along with the poor, unemployed starving
peasants and workers in Europe. In certain parts of Europe such as Germany,
Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, men and women of the liberal
middle classes came together to push their demands for the creation of
nation-states based on parliamentary principles.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:
- Politically, they demanded
constitutionalism with national unification. They wanted the creation of a
nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
- Socially, they wanted
to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom
and bonded labour had to be abolished.
- Economically, they wanted
freedom of markets and right to property. Abolition of state imposed
restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.
Question 2. Choose
three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism
in Europe.
Answer: Three examples
to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are:
- Romanticism was a cultural
movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiment. Romantic artists and poets focused on emotions, intuition and
mystical feelings as their effort was to create a sense of a shared
collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
- Folk songs, dances and
poetry were regarded as the true spirit of the nation. So collecting and
recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building
the national consciousness.
- The language also played an
important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian
invasion, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian
language was imposed everywhere. After the failure of an armed rebellion
against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland began
to use language as a weapon of national resistance. did so by refusing to
preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious
instruction. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put
in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for
their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a
symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance and helped spread the
message of national unity.
Question 3. Through a
focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth
century.
Answer: The development
of the German and Italian nation-states in the nineteenth century.
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY (1866-1871)
§
In 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of
the German confederation into a nation state under an elected parliament.
§
But it was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the
military and were supported by the landowners (“Junkers”).
§
After that Prussia took over the leadership of the movement
for national unification.
§
Otto Von Bismark, chief minister of
Prussia, was the architect of the leading role of Prussia in the process
of nation-building.
§
Prussia emerged victorious after fighting three wars over seven years
against the combined forces of Austria, Denmark and France and the process of
unification of Germany was completed.
§
Finally, on 18th January 1871 the new German empire headed by the
German Emperor Kaiser William I was declared in the Hall of
Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
§
The New German Empire focused on modernizing the currency, banking,
legal and judicial systems.
UNIFICATION OF ITALY
§
During 19th century Italy was divided into seven states
with under different rulers..
§
Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The North
was under Austrian Habsburgs. The centre was under Pope. The South was under
the Bourbon Kings of Spain.
§
Italian language had varieties of dialects; therefore, it was not stable
in its form.
§
Role of Giuseppe Mazzini
o Giuseppe
Mazzini formed a coherent program for uniting the Italian Republic.
o He also, formed a
secret society called Young Italy.
o But Failure of the
1831 and 1848 revolutionary uprisings prompted King Victor Emmanuel
II from Sardinia-Piedmont to unify the Italian states.
§
Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, Count Cavour,
led the movement for the unification of Italy.
§
In 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont with an alliance with France defeated the
Austrian forces. Large number of people under the leadership of Giuseppe
Garibaldi joined the movement.
§
In 1860 Sardinia-Piedmont‟s forces marched into south Italy and the
Kingdom of the Two Scillies and drove out the Spanish rulers.
§
Finally in 1861 Victor Emanuel was declared as the king
of united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.
Question 4. How
was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer: The history of
nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe because:
- In Britain the formation of
the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It
was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation
prior to the eighteenth century.
- The primary identities of
the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as
English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
- The Act of Union (1707)
between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United
Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to
impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth
dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant
that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically
suppressed.
- The Catholic clans that
inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever
they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were
forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and
large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland
Question 5. Why
did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer: The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising
modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia etc.
- It was under the control of
ottoman empire but with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made
this region very explosive
- One by one its European
subjects nationalities broke away from its control and declared
independence.
- The Balkan area became an
era of intense conflict.
- The Balkan states were
jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense
of each other.
- At the same time the
European power like Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – were
keen to control over the Balkans This led to a series of wars in the
region and finally the First World War.
So we can say that the problem of
Balkans create the situation of world war-1
OTHER
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Choose the correct
nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualised in his painting a
society made up of Democratic and Social Republic.
(a) German
(b) Swiss
(c) French
(d) American
2. ‘Nationalism’, which
emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means
(a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.
(b) strong devotion for one’s own country without appreciation for other
nations.
(c) strong love for one’s own country and hatred for others.
(d) equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world.
3. Match the term with the
statements given below:
A ‘Utopian Society’ is
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) only
(d) (iii) only
4. Pick out the correct
definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.
(a) Plebiscite is a
direct vote by which only the female members of a region are asked to accept or
reject a proposal.
(b) Plebiscite is a direct vote by the female members of a matriarchal system
to accept or reject a proposal.
(c) Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a chosen few from the total population
of a parti-cular region to accept or reject a proposal.
(d) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked
to accept or reject a proposal.
5. Ernst Renan believed
that the existence of nations is a necessity because
(a) it ensures
protection to all inhabitants.
(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.
(c) it ensures Parliamentary form of govern-ment to its inhabitants.
(d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants.
6. Which of the following
countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
(a) Britain
(b) Russia
(c) Prussia
(d) Switzerland
7. The first great
revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words:
‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ was:
(a) The Russian
Revolution
(b) The French Revolution
(c) The American Revolution
(d) India’s First War of Independence
8. Which of the following
statements about the ‘French Revolution’ are correct?
(i) After the end of the French Revolution it was proclaimed that it was the
people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
(ii) France will have a constitutional monarchy and the new republic will be
headed by a member of the royal family.
(iii) A centralised administrative system will be put in place to formulate
uniform laws for all citizens.
(iv) Imposition of internal custom duties and dues will continue to exist in
France.
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
9. The French
revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was
(a) to conquer the
people of Europe.
(b) to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.
(c) to strengthen absolute monarchies in all the countries of Europe.
(d) to propagate the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in every part
of the world.
10. The Civil Code of 1804
in France is usually known as:
(a) The French
Revolutionary Code
(b) Napoleonic Code
(c) European Imperial Code
(d) The French Civil Code
11. The Napoleonic Code
was exported to which of the following regions?
(a) England
(b) Spain
(c) Regions under French control
(d) Poland
12. The liberal
nationalism stands for:
(a) freedom for the
individual and equality before law.
(b) preservation of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(c) freedom for only male members of society and equality before law.
(d) freedom only for senior citizens.
13. Who among the
following formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’?
(a) Otto von Bismarck
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Mettemich
(d) Johann Gottfried Herder
14. The term ‘Universal
Suffrage’ means:
(a) the right to vote
and get elected, granted only to men.
(b) the right to vote for all adults.
(c) the right to vote and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning
men.
(d) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to educated men and women.
15. Which of the following
is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?
(a) Conservatives
believe in established, traditional institutions of state and policy.
(b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual
develop¬ment to quick change.
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days
and were against the ideas of modernisation to strengthen monarchy.
(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social
hierarchies.
16. The Treaty of
recognized Greece
as an independent
nation:
(a) Vienna 1815
(b) Constantinople 1832
(c) Warsaw 1814
(d) Leipzig 1813
17. Who said ‘When France
sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
(a) Garibaldi
(b) Bismarck
(c) Mazzini
(d) Duke Metternich
18. What happened to
Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the following s is
correct?
(a) Poland achieved
independence at the end of the 18th century.
(b) Poland came totally under the control of Russia and became part of Russia.
(c) Poland became the part of East Germany.
(d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great
Powers: Russia, Prussia and Austria.
19. Who played the leading
role in the unification of Germany?
(a) German Emperor
(formerly King of Prussia) — Kaiser William I.
(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
(c) Johann Gottfried Herder — German philosopher.
(d) Austrian Chancellor — Duke Metternich.
20. Three wars over seven
years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in
(a) Danish victory
(b) Prussian victory
(c) French victory
(d) German victory
21. Who was proclaimed the
emperor of Germany in 1871?
(a) Otto Von Bismarck
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Kaiser William I of Prussia
22. Who became the King of
United Italy in 1861?
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Giuseppe Mazzini
23. What helped in the
formation of a nation-state in Britain?
(a) The formation of a
nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval.
(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament.
(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the
monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales.
24. Who was responsible
for the unification of Germany?
(a) Count Cavour
(b) Bismarck
(c) Garibaldi
(d) Giuseppe Mazzini
25. The allegory of the
German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:
(a) Marianne
(b) Union Jack
(c) Britannia
(d) Germania
26. A large part of Balkan
region was under the control of:
(a) Russian empire
(b) Ottoman empire
(c) German empire
(d) Habsburg rulers
ANSWERS
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
|
b |
a |
b |
d |
b |
d |
b |
c |
b |
b |
|
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
|
c |
a |
b |
b |
c |
b |
d |
d |
b |
b |
|
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |
|
|
|
|
|
d |
b |
c |
b |
d |
b |
|
|
|
|
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