ECONOMICS (X)-LESSON-2 SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY (QUESTION ANSWERS)

 

ECONOMICS (X)-LESSON-2

SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

____________________________________ ________________________

 

NCERT EXERCISE

1. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:

a.     Employment in the service sector _________ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)

b.    Workers in the _________ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)

c.     Most of the workers in the _________ sector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised)

d.    A _________ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)

e.     Cotton is a _________ product and cloth is a _________ product. [natural /manufactured]

f.      The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are_________ [independent / interdependent]

Answer a: has not
Answer b: tertiary
Answer c: organised
Answer d: large
Answer e: natural and manufactured
Answer f: interdependent
2. Choose the most appropriate answer.
a. The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:

1.    employment conditions

2.    the nature of economic activity

3.    ownership of enterprises

4.    number of workers employed in the enterprise

Answer: 3. ownership of enterprises
b. Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in _________ sector.

1.    primary

2.    secondary

3.    tertiary

4.    information technology

Answer: 1. primary
c. GDP is the total value of _________ produced during a particular year.

1.    all goods and services

2.    all final goods and services

3.    all intermediate goods and services

4.    all intermediate and final goods and services

Answer: 2. all final goods and services

d. In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between _________ per cent.

1.    20 to 30

2.    30 to 40

3.    50 to 60

4.    60 to 70

Answer: 3. 50 to 60
3. Match the following:

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land	(a) Setting up agro-based mills
2. Low prices for crops	(b) Cooperative marketing societies
3. Debt burden	(c) Procurement of food grains by government
4. No job in the off season	(d) Construction of canals by the government
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest	(e) Banks to provide credit with low interest

Answer:

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land	(d) Construction of canals by the government
2. Low prices for crops	(c) Procurement of food grains by government
3. Debt burden	(e) Banks to provide credit with low interest
4. No job in the off season	(a) Setting up agro-based mills
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest	(b) Cooperative marketing societies

4. Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
Answer: Tourist Guide is the odd one out because he or she is appointed by the Government Department but tailor, dhobi and potter own their private work.
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
Answer: The Vegetable vendor is the odd one out because he works in the primary sector, while jobs of teacher, lawyer and doctor come under the tertiary sector.
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
Answer: Cobbler is the odd one out because he works in the private sector while the postman, soldier and police constable work for the public sector or the organised sector.
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio
Answer: Jet Airways is the odd one out because it is owned by a private company and MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India and All India Radio are owned by the Government of India
5. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.

Place of Work	Nature of Employment	Percentage of working People
In offices and factories registered with the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license		15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers		20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government

Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?
Answer:

Place of Work	Nature of Employment	Percentage of working People
In offices and factories registered with the government	Organised	15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license	Organised	15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers	Unorganised	20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government	Unorganised	50

The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector are 70% (50+20)
6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer: The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful, as it helps to classify the different occupations that are taken up by the people in the country and how much each sector contributes to the growth of the country. It is also important because it helps in asserting that which sector contributes the most in the GDP and which sector has the scope to employ more people and increase the National Income.
7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer: Employment and GDP are two of the most important factors in the development of a country. Employment and GDP are used to calculate the overall productivity and National income of a country. If a country has a high employment rate, its GDP, National Income and per capita income will automatically increase. Hence, these are the two things which have been given major emphasis in this chapter. Other issues which should be examined are as follows:

1.    Health care facilities

2.    Education

3.    Poverty

4.    Food Production

5.    Nourishment

8. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.
Answer: The activities performed by human beings for a living are classified into three sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary. When we see people around us, we can classify their employment sector in either of the three classifications. Activities like cleaning, agriculture, selling vegetables are examples of the primary sector. Manufacturing of goods is an example of the secondary sector. Teaching, mining, banking, transportation are all examples of the tertiary sector.
9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer: The are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors are called tertiary activities. These activities are different from the primary and secondary sector activities. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. These transportation facilities and shopkeepers come under the tertiary sector. They do not produce goods but play a very important role in selling and bringing those goods to the market.
10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer: The situation of underemployment, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential is called disguised unemployment. In this case, the person considers himself employed but is actually not working. In rural areas, where agriculture is the main source of income, this kind of unemployment can be seen often. If a piece of land requires only three people to work on it and instead five people are working on it, then the two extra people are said to be in a situation of disguised unemployment. In urban areas, disguised unemployment is seen when painters, plumbers, electricians are unable to find work on a daily basis and work way less than their potential.
11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer: Open unemployment is when a person is willing to work, is educated but is unable to get a job and work. This kind of unemployment is visible. On the other hand, disguised unemployment is when a person is apparently working but is made to work less than his or her potential. This kind of employment is quite evident in villages where people working in farms consider themselves employed but are actually working less than their potential.
12.“Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: No, this is not correct. The tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of the Indian Economy. In the year 2003, the tertiary sector replaced the primary sector as the most producing sector in the country. A few reasons to support this are given below:

1.    The primary and secondary sectors can only flourish if the tertiary sector is there to support them.

2.    The tertiary sector adds up a lot to the National income of the country.

3.    Education, which is the basis of everything, comes under the tertiary sector. A person working as a teacher comes under the tertiary sector.

4.    This sector provides the maximum employment opportunities to the people in the country.

13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer: Service sector in India employs two different types of people. These people are:

1.    Highly Skilled labour, which includes teachers, bankers, IT officials, etc. These people are permanently employed.

2.    Less Skilled Labour, which includes vendors, electricians, plumber, etc. These people are not permanently employed.

14. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units, which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low paid and not regular. Hence, it is correct to say that workers are exploited in the unorganised sector because more work is taken from them in comparison to what they are paid. They have no provisions or extra pay for overtime and no medical benefits. The biggest problem in working in this sector is that there is no job security.
15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer: On the basis of the employment conditions, the economy can be classified into two sectors:

1.    Organised Sector: Enterprises registered under the Government of India, who have an employee-friendly environment and are provided with various facilities including high wages.

2.    Unorganised Sector: Small and scattered units which are temporary. The employees in this sector are paid less.

16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Answer: In the organised sector, the employees are given higher wages, medical facilities, a healthy working environment and their jobs are permanent. They are not liable to look for a new source of income each day. In the unorganised sector, the wages are low, the employees are exploited, no extra income for extra time is given, no medical facilities are provided and the work environment is unhealthy.
17. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was introduced with an aim to ensure guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year to all those who are in need of work. It also states that in the case of employment not being provided under this act, employment wages will be given to those left unemployed. Additional employment opportunities need to be created for people in villages and smaller towns.
18. Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.
Answer: In the private sector, the assets and industries are owned by individuals and in the public sectors industries and enterprises are owned by the Government. Private sector works to earn profits and the public sector works to provide facilities to the public and to earn profits. The common examples of the public sector that we can see around us are Government Banks, Post Offices, municipal hospital and Indian railways. The common examples of the private sector that we can see around us are IT companies, malls and multiplexes, etc.
19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

	Well Managed Organisation	Badly Managed Organisation
Public Sector
Private Sector

Answer: Students must answer this question based on their own observations.
20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer: The public sector activities are set for the betterment of the public itself. The reason the government has taken up the public sector is so that proper facilities can be provided to the people of the country. Banks, transport, irrigation, electricity, water and all the basic things that are necessary for people, come under the public sector. Providing these facilities to its citizens is the responsibility of the Government.
21. Explain how the public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer: The public sector is the sector that comes under the government of India. The reason for the government to take responsibility for this sector is because the basic necessities of people including water, electricity, irrigation, all fall under this category. If these departments are left unattended, it will result in the downfall of the economy of a country because the growth of the country would stop. The economic development of a country depends upon the development of the people and if people are deprived of the basic necessities, the country’s economic development would be affected. Government encourages small and large industries to flourish and provides employment under this section.
22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues : wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer: The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units, which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection:
Wages: The income of workers in the unorganised sector is not fixed and they are barely able to meet the needs to lead a decent livelihood. Hence proper and fixed wages should be given to these workers so that they can grow and contribute to the growth of the country. For example – a painter only gets paid the wages for the days he works and on the other days, he is jobless and is able to earn nothing.
Safety: No safety is provided to the workers working in the unorganised sector. There is no job security and anyone can be fired and removed from their work as per the requirement of the labourers. For example – A labour working in the construction of a building is left with no work once the construction is complete and has no guarantee of getting work again.
Health: Health is a very important factor for the growth and development of the country. The unorganised sector is given no medical security and if any accident occurs while they are working, the employer is not responsible for their health. For example – there is no sick leave for labourers working on daily wages.
23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:

Total Workers	Workers in Unorganised Sector	Total Income of City (1997-1998)	Income generated by organised sector	Income generated by unorganised sector
15,00,000	11,00,000	60,000 million	32,000 million	28,000 million

The table clearly shows that the income generated in unorganised sector is close to 50% of the total income of Ahmedabad. In order to increase employment opportunities for the people more industries should be set up, proper education must be provided to all and proper facilities under the public sector must be provided to all.
24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

Year	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
2000	52,000	48,500	1,33,500
2013	8,00,500	10,74,000	38,68,000

(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013
(ii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?
Answer:
(i) In 2000, primary sector = 22.22%, secondary sector = 20.73%, tertiary sector = 57.04% And In 2013, primary sector = 13.94%, secondary sector = 18.70%, tertiary sector = 67.36%
(ii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has increased by 10%, while that of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown by about 2% in the last 13 years.

 

 

 

 

 

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

 1. Classify the economy on the basis of ownership of enterprises.
Answer: Public Sector and Private Sector.

 2. Classify the economy on the basis of the nature of the activity.
Answer: The economy is classified on the basis of economic activities into three sectors namely Primary sector, Secondary sector and Tertiary sector.

 3. What is disguised unemployment?
Answer: Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more people are employed on a job than the required number.

 4. Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process is an activity of which sector? (2013)
Answer: Primary Sector

 5. Name the sector in which the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. (2013)
Answer: Pubic Sector

 6. Name the sector which continued to be the largest employer even in the year 2000. (2014)
Answer: The primary sector continued to be the largest employer even in the year 2000.

 7. How many days of guaranteed employment are provided under National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005? (2014)
Answer: 100 days of employment are guaranteed under NREGA, 2005.

 8. ATM is an example of which sector? (2014)
Answer:
Tertiary sector

 9. Suggest any one way to create employment opportunity in the rural areas.
Answer: Setting up a dal mill, opening a cold storage, starting or promoting honey collection are some of the ways of creating employment opportunities in rural areas.

 10. Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process is an activity of which sector? (2013)
Answer: Primary Sector

 11. Name the sector in which the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services.
Answer: Public Sector

Short Answer s (SA) 3 Marks

 12. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation. (2012)
Answer: In the public sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is under the government. The government spends huge amounts of money in providing various services to the public at reasonable costs.

The government thus contributes towards the economic development of the nation:
By development of infrastructure, i.e.,

Construction of roads, national highways, flyovers, metro-rails, railway lines, irrigation through dams, etc.

The government provides an impetus to industrial growth by supplying electricity at affordable rates.

By running schools and providing good quality of education, the government is trying to remove illiteracy and taking the nation forward.

 13. Why is NREGA also called the Right to work? Explain the objectives of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Answer: Every state or region in India has potential for increasing the income and employment in that area.
Recognising this, the Central Government in India has passed an act called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005,
Main objectives of the NREGA 2005 are:

To implement the Right to Work in 200 districts of India.

To guarantee 100 days of employment in a year by the Government. In case the Government fails, it offers unemployment allowance.

To give preference to the type of work that will help increase the production from land.

 14. With the example of sugarcane, explain the interdependence of all the three sectors of the economy. (2012)
Answer: The primary sector involves production at the most basic level, i.e., through exploitation of natural resources. Cultivation of sugarcane is an agricultural activity which comes under the primary sector. Raw materials from the primary sector are converted into processed goods through manufacturing in the secondary sector. Using sugarcane as raw material, jaggery and sugar is made in the factories. The tertiary or service sector provides support to the process of production. It includes transportation, storage, marketing and sale of products. For instance, transportation of sugarcane from the fields to the sugar mills. Further on, the transportation of jaggery and sugar from factories and sugar mills to the markets.

The farmer (Primary sector) also needs fertilisers and seeds which are processed in some factory (Secondary sector) and which will be delivered to his doorstep by some means of transportation (Tertiary sector). In this way, for every little process there is interdependence of the three sectors of the economy on each other.

 15. “The problem of underemployment is not confined only to agriculture”. Support the statement with examples. (2013)
Answer: The problem of underemployment is not confined only to agriculture. It can also happen in other sectors.

For example, there are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repair persons and other odd jobs. Many of them don’t find work everyday.

Similarly, we see other people of the service sector on the street pushing a cart or selling something where they may spend the whole day but earn very little. They are doing such work only due to the lack of better employment opportunities.

The unorganised sector includes small and scattered units outside the government control. Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave.

 16. What are final goods and intermediate goods? How do they help in calculating (GDP) Gross Domestic Product? (2013)
Answer: Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed by the consumer rather than used in the production of another good.
Intermediate goods are goods used as inputs in the production of final goods and services. For example, a car sold to a consumer is a final good; components such as a tyre sold to the car manufacturer is an intermediate good. The value of final goods already includes the value of all intermediate goods that are used in making the final good.

The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year.

 17. Explain any three ways to solve the problem of underemployment.
Answer: There are people who are capable of better work and earning more than what they are getting. The reason for this is that better jobs for which they are qualified are not available. Such people are termed as underemployed, e.g., a graduate teacher driving a taxi. Underemployment is most prevalent in the primary or agricultural sector.

Three ways to solve the problem of underemployment:

Provision of loans may help in creating jobs for disguised unemployed and underemployed workers.
The loan money can be used for the promotion of economic activity of the family adding to the family’s earning or for setting up a cottage industry.

Another way is to promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed.
Example, Setting up a dal mill, opening a cold storage, starting or promoting honey collection.

If local banks give credit to farmers at a reasonable rate of interest, they will be able to buy agricultural inputs and increase productivity.

Centres for vegetables and fruit processing, health centres, educational institutions, tourism and IT centres will certainly help in creating jobs.

 18. Why didn’t shift out of primary sector happen in case of employment although there has been a change in the share of the three sectors in GDP?
Answer: A remarkable fact about India is that while there has been a change in the share of the three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.

A similar shift out of primary sector did not happen in case of employment because not enough jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

Even though industrial output or the production of goods went up by eight times during the period, employment in the industry went up by only 2.5 times.

While production in the service sector rose by 11 times, employment in the service sector rose less than three times.
As a result, more than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly in agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP.

 19. Classify the economic sectors on the basis of nature of activities. Mention the main feature of each.
Answer: On the basis of nature of activities, economic sectors are classified into:

Primary sector

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector

Primary sector forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products we get, are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called sector for agriculture and related activities (stone quarrying, animal husbandry, etc.).

Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing. It can take place in a factory, workshop or at home.
Examples:
(a) Spinning yam from cotton fibre from plants.
(b) Making sugar from sugarcane.
It is also called the Industrial sector.

Tertiary sector. Activities in this sector do not produce any goods. This sector produces services that act as aid and support to the Primary and Secondary sectors. Services like administration, police, army, transport, hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph, courts, municipal corporation, insurance companies, storage, trade communication and banking are some of the examples of activities of the Tertiary sector. This sector is also known as Service sector.

 20. What is meant by Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? How is GDP measured in India? (2015)
Answer: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is the value of all the final goods and services produced in each sector within a country during a particular year. This indicates how big the country’s economy is. GDP is measured by the Central Government Ministry. This Ministry, with the help of all the Indian States and Union Territories, collects information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then makes an estimate of the GDP.

Long Answer s (LA)

 21. Describe the importance of Primary sector in the Indian economy.
Answer: Importance of Primary sector:

Primary Sector provides the basic needs of economy for food and mineral ores.

It produces some of the raw materials (like jute, cotton, coal extracted from mines) for the industrial sector.

The Primary sector continued to be the largest employer in the economy even in the year 2000, the reason being that Secondary and Tertiary sectors still do not create enough jobs.

The agricultural population in the Primary sector provides a very large market of consumers for the Secondary sector (for buying finished products like clothes, goods of daily need, fertilizers, etc.).

 22. How can we create more employment in secondary and tertiary sectors in rural India? (2012)
Answer: Investing in basic agricultural infrastructure like construction of dams and canals for irrigation can lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of under employment.

If the government invests some money in the storage and transportation of crops, or makes better rural roads so that mini-trucks reach everywhere, several farmers can continue to grow and sell these crops throughout the year. This activity can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like transport or trade.

Providing credit at a reasonable rate of interest to help farmers buy seeds, fertilisers, agricultural equipments, pumpsets etc. can generate employment in rural banking.

The government/banks can provide loans at cheap rates to the small farmers to improve their irrigational facilities like constructing a well so that they can irrigate their land well and get two to three crops a year instead of one. Thus more people can be employed in the same field.

Another way is to promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. For example, setting up a dal mill, opening a cold storage, starting or promoting honey collection, etc.

 23. Explain the importance of the service sector. (2013)
Or
Explain reasons for the rising importance of the tertiary sector in India.
Answer: Tertiary sector or service sector plays a very significant role and its importance is rising day by day:

Greater the development of primary sector and secondary sector more would be the demand for Services.

Tertiary sector has become the largest producer in India because various kinds of Services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required.

Even development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade and storage, etc.

With the rise in income, demand for more services is rising.
For example, eating out in restaurants, tourism, malls and shopping complexes, schools, professional training, etc.

New services like Information Technology and outsourcing have become very important for modem day trade and industry.
Unfortunately, the rapid growth of the service sector in India has not yet shown the expected corresponding increase in employment.

 24. How can employment be increased in both rural and urban areas? Explain.
Answer: Ways to provide more employment opportunities in rural areas:

Promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. Example, setting up a dal mill, opening a cold storage, starting or promoting honey collection.

Promoting small-scale industries, small-scale manufacturing units, agro-processing industries and providing loans for the same. The government/banks can provide loans at cheap rates to the small farmers to improve their irrigational facilities so that they can get two or three crops a year instead of one. Thus more people can be employed in the same field.

If more dams are built and canal water is provided to all the small farmers, then a lot of employment can be generated in the agricultural sector.

If more money is spent on transportation and storage, then not only small farmers will be benefitted but many more people can be employed in transport and storage sector.

Investing more in tourism and employing more youth in this sector.

 25. “There are several things needed by the society as a whole”. In the light of this statement explain as to who can provide them at a reasonable cost, the private or the public sector and why?
Or

Explain any three demerits of private sector.
Answer: Society as a whole needs several things which the private sector will not be able to provide at a reasonable cost.
Reasons for this are:

Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits and not welfare of the people,

There are several services needed by the society which the private sector cannot provide at a reasonable price. Activities like construction of roads, bridges, railways, irrigation through dams etc., require huge amount of money which is beyond the capacity of the Private sector. Private sector charges high rates for the use of these services.

It is difficult for the Private sector to collect money from thousands of people who use these services.

The Private sector sometimes ignores regional balanced development, equality of income and development of basic industries.

Private sector charges include profit margins whereas the government will charge a reasonable price for services. It is the primary duty of the government to ensure the provision of public facilities with a service motto.

 26. Describe any five conditions or aspects that you would consider before accepting a job? (2014)
Answer: Before accepting a job many factors need to be considered apart from income—

These include factors such as facilities for families, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.

In another case, a job may give less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances sense of security. Another job however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for family.

The terms of employment are as per government rules and regulations.

The enterprise also gives several other benefits like paid leave, provident fund, gratuity, etc.

The employer also makes provisions for medical benefits and safe working environment. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs.

 27. ‘There has been a big change in the three sectors of economic activities, but a similar shift has not taken place in the share of employment.’ Explain the above statement on the basis of facts. (2014)
Answer:
Though there has been a change in the share of the three sectors in GDP, similar shift has not taken place in the structure of employment. The Primary sector continues to be the largest employer even in the year 2000. The reason for this is that not enough jobs are created in the Secondary and Tertiary sectors. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the Primary sector, mainly in agriculture, producing only a quarter of GDP. In contrast to this, Secondary and Tertiary sectors produce three- fourths of the produce though they employ less than half of the people.

Reasons:

During the last thirty years in the Indian economy, not enough jobs have been created in the Secondary and Tertiary sectors, although their output has increased many folds. As a result more than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly agriculture, causing gross underemployment due to overcrowding in the sector.

There are more people engaged in agricultural activities than is necessary. The situation is such that even if we remove a lot of people from agriculture, the production of this sector will not be affected.

 28. Define tertiary sector. Describe about the different kinds of people employed in this sector in India. (2014)
Answer: Tertiary sector. Activities in this sector do not produce any goods. This sector produces services that act as aid and support to the primary and secondary sector. Services like administration, police, army, transport, hospitals, educational institutions, post & telegraph, courts, municipal corporation, banking & insurance, storage, trade and communications are examples of activities in the tertiary sector. This sector is also known as the Service Sector.

The first kind of people are the highly skilled and educated people providing specialised services. E.g., doctors, lawyers, accountants, etc. There are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers and offer big salaries.

There are also a very large number of workers engaged in services, such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons. These people barely manage to earn a living and yet they perform these services because no alternative opportunities for work are available to them.
Hence, only a part of this sector is growing in importance.

 29. State any five features each of public sector and private sector. (2015)
Answer: Public Sector:

The government owns most of the assets.

All the services are provided by the government.

The main motive of the public sector is the welfare of the people (masses). Activities are guided by the interest of the nation as a whole.

Employees feel secured and there is discipline and regular work.

Governments raise money through taxes and other meAnswer:

For example, railways, post offices, construction of roads, bridges, harbours, dams, etc.

Private Sector:

In the private sector, ownership of assets is in the hands of private individuals or companies.

Services are provided or are in the hands of individuals.

Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits and not welfare of the people.

Jobs of the employees are less secured and the whims of the owners are above all.

Private sector charges high rates for the use of services provided by them.

For example, Companies like Tata Iron and Steel Co. (TISCO), Reliance Industries, etc.

  30. How can workers in the unorganised sector be protected? Explain giving examples of rural and urban areas.
Answer: There is need for protection and support of the workers in the unorganised sector:

In the rural areas, this sector comprises of landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, share croppers and artisans (weaners, carpenters, goldsmiths).
These farmers need to be supported through adequate facility for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage facilities and marketing outlets.

In urban areas, workers in the small scale industry, casual workers in construction, trade and transport, street vendors, head load workers, garment makers, ragpickers etc. are all a part of the unorganised sector. Small scale workers need government aid for procuring raw materials and marketing of their goods.

The government must make concerted efforts to ensure that workers in this sector are not exploited and earn fair wages. They must also be provided with job security and other benefits.