GEOGRAPHY (VIII)-LESSON-5 INDUSTRIES LESSON NOTES

 

GEOGRAPHY (VIII)-LESSON-5

INDUSTRIES

LESSON NOTES

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v INTRODUCTION:

Ø Most of the things which we used in our daily life are formed in the industries by a process of manufacturing. It increases the utility and value of the raw materials. For example, cotton change into clothes, ore changes into metal, wood changed into furniture etc. All the manufacturing is the part of secondary activities.

Ø In this lesson we will come to know about the classification of Industries, factors and focus on some important industry.

v INDUSTRY

Ø The industry refers to that economic activity refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services.

v CLASSIFICATIONS OF INDUSTRIES:-

The industries can be classified on the basis of raw material, size and ownership.

 

Ø ON THE BASIS OF RAW MATERIAL:

§  Agro-based industries: - The industries which use the raw material produced by agriculture are called as Agro-based industries. For example, food processing, cotton textile industry and leather industry.

§  Mineral-based industries: - The industries which use the raw material produced by mining are called as mineral-based industries. For example- Iron and steel, Aluminium industries etc.

§  Marine-based industries: - The industries which use the raw material produced from the sea or oceans are called as marine-based industries. For example: - Sea food, seashell industry, salt etc.

§  Forest-based industries: - The industries which use the raw material produced by forest are called as forest-based industries. For example, paper industry and furniture etc.

Ø ON THE BASIS OF SIZE

§  Small scale industries:- The industries in which things produced in small number by family members with small investment, are called as small scale industries. For example cottage industries as papad making, Pickle,  Rakhi making etc.

§  Large scale industries:- The industries in which things produced in large scale with large Investment of capital and use of technology are called as large scale industries. For example Iron steel industries, It industries etc.

Ø ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

§  Private sector industries:- The industries which are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals are called as private industries. For example Reliance industries, Tata, Vipro, Indigo, etc.

§  Public sector industries:- The industries which are owned and operated by government are called as public sector industries. For example as railways, BSNL, MTNL, Air India, ISRO, IISc etc.

§  Joint sector industries :- The industries which are owned and operated by both government and individual are called as public sector industries. For example, Maruti Udyog, Indian Oil cooperation.

§  Cooperative sector:- The industries which are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both are referred as cooperative sectors. AMUL, SUDHA, Mother dairy, etc.

v FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES

Ø Availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport, market and government policies are the important factors that affect the location of industries.

v INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM

Ø A system consists of inputs, processes and outputs to produced the finished goods is refers as industrial system.

§  Input: - The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.

 

§  Process: - The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products.

§  Output: - The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it.

v INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

Ø Industrial regions refer as the region or area where many industries locate close to each other due to availability of all factors which are suitable for industry and share the benefits of their closeness.

§  World:- Eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia

§  India:- Mumbai- Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.v DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES

Ø Textile Industries :-This is the oldest agro based industry. It is concentrated in in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan etc.

Ø Iron & Steel Industries:- This is the oldest mineral based industry. It is concentrated in Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia etc.

Ø Information Technology Industry:- The Industry which deals in the storage, processing  and distribution of information are known as IT industry. These are emerging or sunrise industry. The hubs of Information technology industry are the Silicon valley of Central California (USA) and the Bangalore region of India

v IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

Ø The iron and steel industry is a mineral-based industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries.

Ø In the iron steel industry various inputs and process as

INPUT	PROCESS	OUTPUT
Iron ore, coal, limestone, human labour, capital, and infrastructure	Smelting (Through Blast furnace) Refining Mixing to make alloy	Steel

Ø The product of Iron & Steel Industry is the raw material for the other industries. So, it is also called the feeder industry.

Ø Steel is often called as the backbone of modern industry:-

§  Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals.

§  Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely of steel.

§  Even the safety pins and the needles are made from steel.

§  Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery.

§  Steel pipelines transport oil.

§  Minerals are mined with steel equipment.

§  Farm machines are mostly steel.

§  Large buildings have steel framework.

§  Use of iron and stell also show the economy index of a country.

Ø LOCATION OF IRON STEEL INDUSTRY

§  Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was located where raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available.

§  Later the ideal location for the industry was near coal fields and close to canals and railways.

§  After 1950, iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near sea ports.

Ø IRON STEEL INDUSTRY IN INDIA

 

§  Bhilai- Chhattisgarh

§  Durgapur- West Bengal, and

§  Burnpur,

§  Jamshedpur- Jharkhand, 

§  Rourkela- Odisha

§  Bokaro- Jharkhand,

§  Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka,

§  Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh,

§  Salem in Tamil Nadu

v JAMESHDESPUR- TISCO

Ø TATA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY LIMITED (TISCO) was started in 1907 at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) due to availiblity of all resources near that place as

§  It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits. It gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh.

 

§  Near to the railway line and port (Kolkata) as well as market

§  Water- From the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.

§  Later on several other industrial plants were set up as chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment for industrial development.

v PITTSBURGH

Ø Pittsburgh is an important steel city of USA. It also enjoy the location advantages as: -

§  Coal is available locally.

§  Iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota from about 1500 km away through great lake (Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan and Erie) water ways, which is cheapest ways.

§  The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

§  Finished steel is transported to the market by both land and water routes

v THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Ø The term ‘textile’ is derived from the Latin word texere which means to weave. The textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. Fibers are the raw material of textile industry. There are two types of Fibers: -

§  Natural- wool, silk, cotton, linen, jute.

§  Man-made-Nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon. 

 

v COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Ø The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world.

Ø Earlier cotton cloth was made by hand using Charkha and Takali.  

Ø In 18th century power looms facilitated the development of cotton textile industry, first in Britain and later in other parts of the world.

Ø Today India, China, Japan and the USA are important producers of cotton

v INDIAN COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Ø India is well known for producing excellent quality of cotton by hand.

Ø The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design of clothes.

Ø But the production of hand woven cotton textile was expensive and time consuming so it could not compete with mechanized clothes.

Ø The first successful mechanised textile mill in India was established in Mumbai in 1854.( First attempt at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818) .

Ø Initially these industry were concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to warm, moist mate, the presence of a port nearby, and availability of raw material and labour at cheap cost.

Ø But now these spread in different pats as Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Puducherry and Panipat etc.

 v AHMEDABAD- MANCHESTER OF INDIA

Ø Ahmedabad is the second largest textile city in India after Mumbai.

Ø It is referred to as the “Manchester of India” due to different factors as availability of raw material, mild climate, water – Sabarmati river, labours, port facility etc.

Ø In recent years textile mills here have started getting closed down due emergence of new textile centres, non-upgradation of machines and technology.

v OSAKA- MANCHESTER OF JAPAN

Ø It is an important textile centre of Japan, known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’.

Ø The textile industry developed here due to factors as mild climate, water – Yodo river, labours, port facility etc. It totally depend on the imported cotton of these countries as Egypt, India, China and USA etc.

Ø Today Osaka is popular for other industries as iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding, automobiles etc.

v THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT )

Ø The industry which deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information is referred as Information technology. The major hubs of IT industry are Silicon Valley in USA and Bangalore in India due to resource availability, cost and infrastructure.

§  Both cities have moderate climate so the work can be done in whole year.

§  California and Bengaluru have many advanced scientific and technological institutions, IT universities and educational centres.

§  Government also promote the It sector as Karnataka Government formed IT policy in 1992.

§  Both have a good network of railways and air ports.

§  These cities have the largest and widest availability of skilled managers with work experience.

Ø OTHER CENTER OF IT IN INDIA

§  Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai, Gurgaon, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Kochi and Chandigarh are also important centres of the IT industry.

v IMPORTANT RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN BENGULURU

Ø BEL- Baharat Electronics limited.

Ø BHEL- Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited

Ø HAL- Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

Ø NAL- National Aerospace Laboratories

Ø DRDO- defence Research and Development Organisation

Ø ISRO- Indian Space Research Organisation

Ø ITI -Indian Telephone Industries Limited

Ø IISc- Indian Institution of Science

Ø NCBS-National Centres of Biological Science

Ø UAS-University of Agriculture Science.