HISTORY (XII)-THEME -13 MAHATMA GHANDI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (QUESTION ANSWERS)

 

HISTORY (XII)-THEME -13

MAHATMA GHANDI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

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OTQ( 1 MARKS)

Q.1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi consider the salt tax more oppressive  than other taxes?

Ans- Salt tax was wickedly designed by the Government. Salt was used in every household.

Q.2. What was the attitude of the Indian National Congress towards the second world war?

Ans:- Both Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru were against Hitler and Nazis.

Q.3. What is meant by Rowlatt Act?

Ans:- Anybody could be arrested on the basis of suspicion and put in prison without trial.

Q.4. Why did Gandhiji Start Non Cooperation Movement?

Ans. To get Swaraj

Q.5. What is the importance of the Salt March?

Ans. This event brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention.

Q.6. What is the importance of Dandi March?

Ans. Civil law violated across large part of India.

Q.7. What is the sources to know the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the history of National Movement of India.

Ans. Auto-biographies and biographies.

- Contemporary newspapers.

Q.8 Why Mahatma Gandhi has been regarded as the 'Father' of Indian Nation.

Ans. Because in the history of nationalism a single Man is often identified with the making of a Nation. Example - Garibaldi-(Italy) Washington with America; Ho Chi Minh with Vietnam.

Q.9. Who are known as Lal, Bal, and Pal?

Ans. Lal - Lala Lajpat Rai (Punjab)

Bal - Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Maharashtra)

Pal - Bipin Chandra Pal (Bengal)

Q.10. Who were the 'Moderates?

Ans. Who preferred a more gradual and persuasive approach like Firoj Shah Mehta, Gopal Krishan Gokhale.

Q.11. What was the Rowlatt Act?

Ans. This act Passed in 1919 for two years permitted the detention of any person without trial in the court.

Q.12. Why was the Non- co-operation Movement launched?

Ans. 1.To protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh and the Khilafat wrongs.

2. To demand swaraj.

Q.13. Why was the Khilafat Movement started?

Ans. 1. To protest against the injustice done to Turkey.

2. To retain the Turkish Sultan or Khilafat.

Q.14. What was Gandhi - Irwin Pact of 1931?

Ans. 1.Gandhiji Postponed Civil Disobedience Movement.

2. Irwin agreed to release all prisoners.

3. Gandhiji went to - second round table conference.

Q.15. When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India? For how many years did he live in south?

Ans- 1915. He stayed in South Africa for 22 years from1893 to 1915.

Q.16. Who remarked that "South Africa was the Making of Mahatma”

Ans-Historian Chandran Devanesan

Q.17. Which distinctive technique of non-violent protest did he promote in South Africa?

Ans- Satyagraha

Q18. Who was Gandhiji's political mentor?

Ans- Gopal Krishan Gokhle

Q.19. Write down the names of moderate leaders?

Ans-Annie Besant, Gopal krishana Gokhle, Dada bhai Nauraji, Mahadev Desai

Q.20. What was GK Gokhale's advice to Gandhiji?

Ans-To go to know the land and its people so Gandhiji travelled around British India for a year.

 Q.21. When and where was Gandhiji approached by a peasant from Champaran about indigo peasants?

Ans-1916, Lucknow Congress session

Q.22. Where did Gandhi make his first public appearance?

Ans-Opening of BHU

Q.23. Which important leader of the congress was present (BHU)? 

Ans-Annie Besant

Q.24. Why was the opening of the BHU an occasion for celebration?

Ans-Opening of Nationalist University with Indian Initiative and money.

Q.25. Name the two satyagrah campaigns after champaran.

Ans-Ahmedbad mill workers movement and Kheda

Q.26. Name the movement aimed to unite Hindus and Muslims.

Ans-Khilafat Movement

Q.27. Bloody climax in Amritsar took place at…………. on…………

Ans- Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April 1919

Q.28. In February 1922, a group of peasants attacked and torched a police station at……………..in united  provinces ?

Ans- Chauri Chaura near Gorakhpur

Q.29. Branches of organisations established in princely states to promote nationalist creed was known by which name?

Ans- Praja Mandal

Q.30. Mention two social and constructive reforms by Gandhiji after non-cooperation.

Ans- Worked towards removing untochability and promoted self reliance

Stress on the significance of wearing Khadi rather that imported clothes.

Q.31. Name the Pact which ended the Civil disobedience movement?

Ans- Gandhi Irwin Pact

Q.32. Write down some highly talented person who attached themselves Mahatma Gandhi.

Ans-Mahadev Desai, Vallabh Bhai Patel, J.B. Kripalani, Subhas Chandra Bose, Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Govind Ballabh Pant and C. Rajagopalachari.

Q.33. Why did congress agree to support British in the second world war?

Ans-In return to promise to grant Independence once hostilities ended.

Q.34.Who was the British Prime Minister during Second world war?

Ans- Winston Churchill.

Q.35. Members of which party in Britain were sympathetic to Indian aspiration…………...?

Ans- Labour Party

Q.36. Name a socialist leader who actively participated in Quit Indian Movement?

Ans- Jayaprakash Narayan

Q.37. Write down the Name of Viceroy during 1940, 1945 and 1946.

Ans- 1940- Lord Linlithgow

          1945 Lord Wavell

          1946-Lord Mountbatten

Q.38. Garibaldi and Ho Chi Minh belong to which country?

Ans- Garibaldi with the Making of Italy and Ho Chi Minh -The struggle to free Vietnam.

Q.39. During Swadeshi movement which new leaders emerged?

Ans- • Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab

Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra,

Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal

Q.40. Who was the Turkish rulers who removed Khalifa with the support of British?

Ans- Kemal Attaturk

Q.41.  Who persuaded Gandhi not to restrict the freedom protests to men alone?

Ans- Socialist activists Kamaladevi Cahttopadhyay

Q42. How many round table conferences were held Landon?

Ans- Three (1930,1931 and 1932)

Q.43. In which year congress organised individual Satyagraha?

Ans-1940

Q.44. Why Direct action Day was held by Muslim league?

Ans- To complete their demand of separate nation Pakistan.

Q.45. Where the parallel government (pratisarkar) were established in 1943.

Ans- In 1943, some of the younger leaders in the Satara district of Maharashtra set up parallel government (pratisarkar), with volunteer corps (sebadals)and village units (tufan dals). They ran people’s courts and organized constructive work.

Q.46 On which day Gandhi was died?

Ans-On 30th January 1948 Gandhiji was shot dead by Nathuram Godse.

 

YEAR	EVENTS
1885	Foundation of Indian National Congress (INA) by A.O. Hume
1893	Mahatma Gandhi went to South Africa
1885-1905	Moderate Age
1905-1907	Swadeshi Movement
1906	Foundation of Muslim League
9 Jan, 1915	Mahatma Gandhi returns from South Africa
Feb, 1916	Mahatma Gandhi gave his speech at BHU
1917	Champaran movement
1918	Mill Workers’ movement in Ahmedabad and Peasant movements in Kheda (Gujarat)
1919	Rowlatt Satyagraha (March-April)
13 April, 1919	Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April)
1920	Khilafat Movement led by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
1921	Non-cooperation
5 Feb, 1922	Called off the NCM due to Chauri Chaura incident (near Gorakhpur)
March 1922	Mahtma Gandhi announce 6 year Imprisonment on the charged of Sedition by Judge C.N.Broomfield.
1928	Simon Commission reached in India and all India campaign against this white commission
1928	Peasant movement in Bardoli under Sradar Patel And Mahatma Gandhiji.
1929	“Purna Swaraj” accepted as Congress goal at the Lahore Congress (December)
1930	Dandi March (12, March1930 to 6 April 1930) Civil Disobedience Movement begins  First Round table conference held at London
1931	Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March); Second Round Table Conference (December)
1932	Relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement Poona pact Br Ambedkar and Gandhiji
1935		Government of India Act promises some form of representative government
1937		Election held and Congress form the government in 8 Province out of 11 provinces.
October, 1939		Congress ministries resign due to 2nd world war.
1940		Muslim League resolution for separate nation for Muslim majority area. Individual Satyagraha was launched by Congress
1942		Quit India Movement begins (August) Crips Mission
1943		Parallel Government in Satara (Maharashtra) and Midnapur in west Bengal
1945		Labour Government come in Power in Britain and Lord Wavell Become the Governor
1946		Cabinet Mission Plan visit India On 16 August Direct action day was declare by League for Pakistan. Mahatma Gandhi visits Noakhali and other riot-torn areas to stop communal violence
Feb, 1947		Lord Mountbatten Become Viceroy Pakistan India declare Independence
1948		Gandhiji died on 30 January.

 

 

 

S. A. (3 Marks)

Q.1. Why did Gandhiji Start Non-Cooperation Movement? Why was it withdrawn?

Ans.   1. To oppose 'Rowlett Act'.

2. To undo the injustice done at Jalianwala Bagh.

3. To support the Khilafat Movement.

4. To get Swaraj

5.It was withdrawn due to Violence at Chauri-Chaura on Feb 5 1922.

Q.2. Give the significance of the Salt March.

Ans.   1.This event brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention.

2. First nationalist movement in which women participated.

3. Create pressure upon British Government

Q.3. What was the problem of separate electorates? What were the disagreements between Congress and Dalits on this issue? Finally what solution could be of this issue?

Ans:   1. Demand of separate electorates by the Dalits in which they wanted reservation in separate electorates like Muslims.

2. In 1931 in the second Round Table Conference dalit leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said Congress does not represent the Dalits.

3. He said Dalits are socially and economically backward. By separate electorate they can put demands of their rights.

4.Gandhiji opposed the separate electorates.

5. Finally Congress gave separate electorates to Dalits within the Congress.

Q.4. Explain the sources from which we can reconstruct the political career of Mahatma Gandhi and the history of National Movement of India.

Ans:- - Auto-biographies and biographies.

- Contemporary newspapers.

- Official and police records.

- Public speeches

- Private letters.

Q.5. Explain the rumours about Gandhiji’s miraculous powers which spread over.

Ans-   As Gandhi ji become popular among the poor and common persons they referred him as Gandhi Baba, Maharaj or Mahatma. There were also many rumours spread about his miraculous powers as-

§  Some people told that he had been sent by the king to redress the grievances of the farmers and that he had the power to overrule all local officials.  

§  It was also claimed that Gandhi’s power was superior to that of the English Monarch and with his arrival colonial rulers would flee the district.

§  Stories spread of dire consequences for those who opposed him.

§  Those who criticized Gandhi found their houses mysteriously falling apart or their crops failing.

§  Gandhiji appeared to the Indian peasant as a saviour, who could rescue them from high taxes and oppressive officials and restore dignity and autonomy to their lives.  

Q.6. Write a short note on Simon Commission?

Ans- 1. In 1927 a Commission was appointed to enquire into conditions in the colony under the leader Sir John Simon, so known as Simon commission.

2.    But in the Simon commission all 7 members were Britishers so when it reach in India in 1928 a large campaign were organised to opposition the commission.

3.    Although Gandhiji did not participate in this movement but he blessed this protest.

Q.7.Why did Gandhi choose Salt as a popular movement?

Ans. Soon after the observance of Independence Day Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi announced that he would lead a march to break the salt law. He decided to lead this march against the Salt law because

§  The state has the monopoly over manufacturing of salt which was deeply unpopular.

§  The price of Salt was very high.

§  Salt was an indispensable item in every Indian house so he hoped that It mobilize the people against British rule.

§  Gandhiji had given advance notice of his “salt march” to the Viceroy Lord Irwin, who failed to grasp the significance of the action.

Q.8. Write down the significance of Lahore Congress.?

Ans- In December 1929, the annual session of Congress was held in Lahore under Jawaharlal Nehru as president. This session was very significant because

§  The leadership of congress was passed to younger generation.

§  Proclamation of commitment to “poorna swaraj” or complete independence.

§  It was decided that on 26 January 1930 Independence Day will be celebrated with the national flag being hoisted at different venues and by doing the constructive work as spinning, or service of ‘untouchables’, or reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans.

Q.9. Write the difference between moderates and radicals?

MODERATE	RADICALS
In freedom movement 1885 to 1905 time period is referred as moderate age.	In freedom movement 1905 to 1915 time period is referred as radical age.
The leaders who preferred gradual and persuasive approach towards Britishers	These leaders advocated militant opposition to colonial rule,
The leaders of moderate age were Dada Bhai Noraji, Gopal Krishan Gokhle, Mohammad Ali Jinnah Annie Besant. etc.	Three important leaders known as Lal, Bal, Pal-Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal

 

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q.1. What was the aim and methods of Non Co-operation Movements?

Ans.   1. Protest against Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

2. Demand of Swaraj.

3. To Support Khilafat Movement.

4. Hindu Muslim Unity.

5. To oppose Rowlett Act.

Methods -    1. Surrender of the titles

2. Movement should be non-violent.

3. No co-operation with British Government.

4. Bycott of court and offices, college, foreign cloths etc.

5. Strikes and demonstration.

Q.2. In what way did Mahatma Gandhi transform the nature of the National Movement?

Ans. 1. Gandhiji had concern for the poor.

2. BHU/Champaran/Ahamedabad/Kheda issue.

3. He launched Non Co-operation, Civil Disobedience, Salt March and Quit India Movement and thousands of Indians of all classes joined these movements.

4. Inspirational leadership of Gandhiji.

5. Gandhiji's ideology

6. In the Satyagraha masses were involved.

7. Constructive Programs of Gandhiji.

8. By his political Methods.

9. Gandhiji's Charisma.

Q.3.Expain the qualities of Mahatma Gandhi which make him as a great people leader.

Ans-The time period between 1915 to 1947 is referred as Gandhian age in Indian freedom movement. Gandhiji had transformed the nationalist movement into a mass movement. His qualities make him as the leader of common people as-

Ø Simplicity

§  Gandhiji belong to Merchant community and a lawyer by profession but he lived like a common person.

§  His dressed were like a common person and spoke their language so people appreciated him.

Ø Concern to the problems of poors

§  In his first speech given in BHU, he reminded that peasants and workers who are majority of Indian population are not present here.

§  It was Gandhiji’s desire to make Indian nationalism representative of the Indian people.

Ø Self-reliance

§  He spent part of each day working on the charkha (spinning wheel) and encouraged other nationalists to do likewise.  

§  He identified himself with common man. This was strikingly reflected in his dress, while other nationalist leaders dressed formally, wearing a western suit or an Indian bandgala, Gandhiji went among the people in a simple dhoti or loin cloth.

Ø New political set up

§  The base of Indian National Movement broadened under Gandhiji.

§  He brought changes in the congress organization. New branches of the congress were set up in various parts of India.

§  Prajamandals were established to promote nationalism in the princely states.

§  The provincial committees of the congress were based on linguistic divisions rather than the artificial boundaries set up by the British administration.

§  Gandhiji advocated the spreading of the nationalist message in the mother tongue, rather than English.

Ø Social reformer

§  Gandhiji was as much a social reformer as he was a politician.

§  He took steps to remove social evils such as child marriage and untouchability.

§  He gave emphasis on Hindu Muslim harmony.

Ø Supported by Rich and poors

§  The simplicity and speech of Gandhiji attracted not only poor person but rich industrialist and elite class.

§  Many Industrialist though that in free India they will more benefitted so they joined the congress as the Indian entrepreneurs. For example, G.D Birla supported the national movement openly.

§  Highly talented Indians attached themselves to Gandhiji.