HISTORY (XII)-THEME-9 KINGS AND CHRONICLES (QUESTION ANSWER)

 

HISTORY (XII)-THEME-9

KINGS AND CHRONICLES

(QUESTION ANSWER)

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ONE MARKS QUESTIONS

Q.1.The word Mughal is origion from____________.

Ans- Mangols

Q.2. Mughals were descendants of ____________from paternal side and from ______________mothers’ side.

Ans- Timur, Ghenghis Khan

Q.3. Mughal empire was founded by whom and when?

Ans- Babur in 1526

Q.4. Babur was driven from his Central Asian homeland known as________ by warring____________

Ans- Farghana, Uzbeghs

Q.5. The vast apparatus of empire was controlled from which three cities.

Ans-Delhi, Agra and Lahore

Q.6. Give two reasons why chronicles were important?

Ans- (i)Project vision of the kingdoms

          (ii) To convey that any one resisted the Mughal authority was destined to fail.

Q.7. Write down the names of some Mughal Chronicles with their authors.

      Babur Nama- Zahiruddin Babur

o   Akbar Nama-Abul Fazal

o   Humayunama- Gulbadan Begum

o   Shajahan Nama –Inayat Khan

o   Jahagirnama(Tuzk-I Jahangiri)-Jahangir

o   Badshahnama-Abdul Hamid Lahori

o   Alamgir Nama –Muhammad Qazim

o   Muntakhab-ut Tawarikh- Abdul Qadir Badauni

 

Q.8. Which was the mother tongue of the Mughals.

Ans- Turkish, Persian

Q.9. Translation of Mahabharata in Persian is known by name.

Ans-Razmnana

Q.10. Imperial center of manuscript production was known by which name?

Ans- Kitabkhana

Q11: In which languge Baburnama was written

Ans: Turkish.

Q12: Who is author of Baburnama .

 Ans: Babur.

Q13: Who is the author of Humayunama ?

Ans: Gulbadan Begum.

Q14: What is Razmnma ?

Ans: Razmnama is the translated book of the Mahabharata .

Q15: Who is the author of Badshahnama .

Ans: Abdul Hamid Lahori .

Q16: What was Chahar taslim and sijida ?

 Ans: It was the method of salutation.

Q17: Which was the new capital of Shahjahan

 Ans: Shahjahanabad ( Delhi )

Q.18 Who was the founder of Mughal Dynasty?

Ans: Babur was the founder of Mughal Empire.

Q19. What do you mean by Kitab Khana?

Ans: It was place to keep the chronicles who were also prepared in Kitab Khana.

Q.20. Who wrote Akbarnama?

Ans. Abul Fazl wrote Akbarnama

Q.21. Write the name and features of Akbar's favorite calligraphy style.

Ans- Nastaliq, Fluid style and Horizental strokes

Q.22. Abul Fazl grew up in__________ worked on Akbarnama for__________was murdered by__________ under a conspiracy hatched by prince Salim.

Ans- Agra, 13 , Bir singh Bundela

Q.23. Name of painter who was patronized by Safavid emperor.

Ans-Bihzad

 Q.24. Write down the names of artists who accompanied Humayun to India.

Ans-Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad

Q.25. Asiatic society of Bengal was founded by whom in which year.

Ans- Sir William Jones in 1783.

Q.26. Name the sufi who developed the idea of farr-i-izadi.

Ans- Shihabuddin Suhrawardi

Q.27. Name the four essences of the subjects that the emperor protects and in return for which demands obedience and a share of resources.

Ans-Life (Jan)  Mal (Property) Namu(Honour)  Faith   (Din)     

Q.28. What was the symbol used to demonstrate idea of justice ?

Ans- Motifs of Lion and Lamb sitting together.

 

Q.29. Why was the capital transferred to Lahore?

Ans- To bring northwest under control

 Q.30. Shah Jahan indulged in his passion for________and built new capital city_____________.

Ans- Buildings , Shahjahanabad in Delhi

Q.31. What symbolized axis mundi in physical form?

Ans- Royal throne-The takth

Q.32. Which was the highest form of submission ?

Ans-Sijda

Q.33. Under ShahJahan sijda was ritual was replaced by which rituals.

Ans-Chahartaslims and Zamindos (kissing  ground.

Q.34. Akbar's aunt(Buaa).................. who wrote eulogy of Mughal emperors.

Ans- Gulbadan Begam sister of Humayun

 Q.35. Name the two ruling groups of Indian origin that entered imperial service.

Ans-Rajputs and Indian muslims(Shaikhzadas)

Q.36. Branding of horses is called_______________.

Ans-Dagh

Q.37. Write down two important ministers at center.

Ans-Mir Bakshi and Diwan-i-ala

Q.38. Corps of court writers is called by which name.

Ans- Waqianawis

Q.39. What do you mean by manuscripts?

Ans- The handwritten books were called as manuscripts.

Q.40. Who were called as Khwajasara?

Ans- Slave eunuchs were known as Khwasjasara.

Q.41. Which three festivals were celebrated in a grand way by Mughals.

Ans- Solar and Lunar Birthday of Emperor and Nauraz, Parsi new year.

Q. Choose the correct option:

 

Q41. English envoy of James I at the Mughal court was

(i) Thomas Munroe                  (ii) Francois Bernier

(iii) Thomas Roe                      (iv) Duarte Barbosa

Ans-(iii) Thomas Roe     

 

Q.42. Public hall of audience was called

(i) Diwan-i am                          (ii) Jharokha

(iii) Diwan-i khas                     (iv) Shab-i barat

Ans-(i) Diwan-i am

 

Q.43. Title of highest minister was-

(i) Mir Khan                             (ii) Amir Khan

(iv) Mirza Raja                        (iv) Asaf Khan

Ans-(ii) Asaf Khan

Q.44. Match the followings-

(i)Wives from royal aristocratic families              (A) Khwajasara

(ii) Wifes from noble by birth                               (B) Aghachas

(iii) The concubines                                               (C) Begum

(iv) Slaves Eunuchs                                                (D) Agha

 

Ans-(i)-C, (ii)-D, (iii)-B, (iv)-A

 

 

S.A. (3-Marks)

Q1. What are the Mughal Chronicles ?

Ans.   a) Commissioned by the Mughal place where different process of production of books like making paper, printing, painting, binding etc. were done.

b) They are important source for studying the empire and its court.

 

Q2. What is Sulh-i-Kul?

Ans. a) Akbar's Religious Policy.

b) Sulh-i-Kul means absolute peace.

In this ideal emperor was source of all peace and stability, stood above all religious and ethnic groups, insured justice and peace.

Q3. What was meant by 'Kitabkhana'?

Ans.   a) Kitab Khana means place where different process of production of books like making paper, printing, binding etc. were done.

b) It was a place where the emperor's collection of Manuscripts were kept and produced.

Q4. Who wrote Akbarnama? Describe its content in brief.

Ans.   a) Abul Fazl wrote Akbarnama.

b) Content - It is divided into three books.

c) Ain-i-Akbari the first volume contains the history of mankind from Adam to on celestial cycle of Akbar's life.

d) Second volume closes in the forty sixth regional years (1601) of Akbar.

e) To provide a detailed description of Akbar's reign.

f) It gives a synchronic picture of all aspects of Akbar's empire - geographic, social,administrative and cultural.

 

Q5. Describe in brief about the ideal of Din-i-Ilahi.

Ans.   a) Introduced by Akbar as the state religion.

b) God is one and Akbar is the representative of the prophet.

c) To Utter-Allah-Hu-Akbar.

d) The followers deemed the fire as sacred and worshipped the Sun God.

e) Vegetarian followers.

f) They looked up on all religions with a sense of respect.

g) Performed their obituaries during their lifetime.

 

Q6. What was the composition of the ruling class in India during the Mughal Period?

Ans.   a) Mughal nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups.

b) It was like a bouquet of flowers.

c) Turani, Irani, Rajput, Indian Muslims.

 

Q7. Write in brief about the Mughal Provincial administration.

Ans.   Head of provincial government was - governor.

a. He reported directly to the emperor.

b. Provinces (Subas) were divided into Sarkar.

c. Sarkars into parganas under - qanungo, chaudhary and qazi.

d. Each department was supported by official staff.

 

Q8. Write in brief about the Religious Policy of Akbar.

Ans.   Akbar believed in the equality of all religious.

a) Secular outlook.

b) Interaction with people of different faiths.

c)Freedom to all religious sects.

d) Grants and support to all religions.

e) Introduced Sulh-i-Kul.

 

Q9. What do you mean by calligraphy? How it was done in Mughal court.

Ans-Art of handwriting is called calligraphy. It was considered a skill of great importance. Muhammad Husayn of Kashmir (c.1575-1605), one of the finest calligraphers at Akbar’s court, who was honoured with the title “zarrin qalam” (golden pen)

1.     It was practiced with different styles like nastaliq, shikaste etc.

2.     Akbar’s favorite handwritten style was the nastaliq which was a fluid style with long horizontal strokes.

3.     It was written using a piece of trimmed reed which had a tip of five to 10 mm called qalam. The reed was dipped in carbon ink(siyahi).The nib of the qalam was split in the middle to facilitate the flow of ink.

 

Q.10 Why there is tension occurred due to painting during Mughal.

1.     The production of paintings and portraying the emperors  created the tension between rulers and Muslim orthodoxy, the ulama.

2.     As Quran And Hadis imposed restrictions on the portraiture of human beings

3.     By the painting, artist was seeking to appropriate the power of creation. This was a function that was believed to belong exclusively to God.

Q11. Write a short note about ABUL FAZL

1.     Abul Fazl was one of the jem of Akbar’s court.

2.     He was well versed with Arabic, Persian, Greek philosophy and Sufism.

3.     He was a forceful debater and independent thinker who consistently opposed the views of the conservative ulama.

4.     These qualities impressed Akbar, who found Abul Fazl ideally suited as an adviser and spokesperson for his policies.

5.     Emperor’s objective was to free the state from the control of religious orthodoxy.

6.     In his role as court historian, Abul Fazl both shaped and articulated the ideas associated with the reign of Akbar.

7.     Abul Fazl was murdered by Bir Singh Bundela an accomplice of Prince Salim (Jahangir) who conspired against the emperor.

 

Q.12. Which sources were produced by the chroniclers to show the dibvine power of Mughal Kings.

1.      Court chroniclers drew upon many sources to show that power of Mughal rulers directly from God.

2.      They told that Mongol queen Alanqua, who was impregnated by a ray of sunshine while resting in her tent. The offspring she bore carried this Divine Light and passed it on from generation to generation.

3.      Abul Fazl placed Mughal kingship as the highest station in the hierarchy of objects receiving light emanating from God (farr-i izadi).

4.      A famous Iranian Sufi, Shihabuddin Suhrawardi (d.1191) believed that, Divine Light was transmitted to the king firstly after that it became the source of spiritual guidance for his subjects.

5.      Mughal artists, from the 17th century onwards, began to portray emperors wearing the halo, which they saw on European paintings of Christ and the Virgin Mary to symbolize the light of God.

Q.13. During the reign of Akbar the Mughal capital change ti which place and why?

1.    During the reign of Akbar the capital has changed three times as-

2.    Akbar constructed red fort in Agra with red stone and shifted his capital in year

3.    After that In the 1570s, he built a new capital in Fatehpur Sikri because Mughal Emperors have close relationship with the sufis of the Chishti. It was located on the direct road to Ajmer where the dargah of Shaikh Muinuddin Chishti was there. Akbar constructed a white marble tomb for Shaikh Salim Chishti near Friday mosque at Sikri. Akbar commissioned the construction of Buland Darwaza(arched gateway) to remind visitors of the Mughal victory in Gujarat.

4.    The capital again shifted to Lahore in 1585 in order to strengthen the control over north-west. Akbar monitored it closely for thirteen years.

 

Q.14 Write about the daily routine of the emperor?

 Ans-The emperor began his day at sunrise with personal religious devotions and prayers.

1.    After that he appeared on a small balcony, for jharokha darshan in the morning where soldiers, merchants, crafts persons, peasants, and women with sick children waited for darshan of the emperor. Akbar introduced this practice of jharokha darshan.

2.    Then, the emperor walked to the public hall of audience (diwan-i am) to conduct the primary business of his government. There state officials presented reports and made requests.

3.      After two hours  the emperor went into diwan-i khas to discuss on confidential matters. There High ministers placed their petitions, tax officials presented their accounts, reputed artists presented their work and building plans of the architects (Mimar) were viewed by the emperor.

 

Q.15. Mughal officers were described by which terms and why?

1.    The Akbar Nama of Abul Fazl provides detailed information about the recruitments of imperial officials.

2.    The corps of officers, known as nobility, in the Mughal Empire was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups.

3.    The imperial officers were described by the court historians as a bouquet of flowers (guldasta).

4.    During the rule of Akbar, for the imperial service, Iranian and Turani nobles were recruited.

5.    After 1560, the ruling groups of Indian origin entered in the imperial service The Rajaputs and the Indian Muslims(Shai khzadas).

 

Q 16. Describe in brief about the architecture under the Mughals-

Ans.   a) Babar and Humayun did not get the time to construct the buildings.

b) During Akbar's period - Agra Fort, Buland Darwaja, Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, Panch Mahal, Jodha Bai's Palace, Birbal Palace, Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti.

c) Akbar's Tomb - Sikandara.

d) Jama Masjid, Taj Mahal, Moti Masjid, Lal quila Delhi-Shahjahan.

e) Shahi Masjid at Lahore by Aurangzeb.

Q17. Describe in brief the elements of the Mughal ideal of Kingship.

Ans.   a) The concept of divine light- In which the divine light was transmitted to the king who then became the source of spiritual guidance for his subject.

B) A unifying force - Emperor was a source of all peace, stability and justice.

C) Implementation of Sulh-i-Kul through state policy.

The Mughal nobility was a composite one comprising of Iranis, Turanis, Afghans, Rajputs, Deccan's etc. With loyalty to the King. e) Secular religious policy.

D) Idea of Just sovereignty as social contract.

 

Long Answer (8 Marks)

Q1. Write down about Mughal rulers. Why it was decline in 18^th century.

Ans- Zahiruddin Babur (1526-30)

§  Zahiruddin Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. He belongs to Genghis Khan (Mongol) from mother side. He was expelled from his homeland (Fargana) by Uzbeks.

§  He first established himself at Kabul and then in 1526 moved further into the Indian subcontinent in search of territories and resources to satisfy the needs of his clan.

§  Here he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, Delhi Sultan in 1526 in First battle of Panipat and established Mughal Empire in Delhi.

Ø Nasiruddin Humayun (1530-40, 1555-56)

§  Babur was succeeded by Humayun as the Mughal ruler in 1530 .But Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan leader drove him to exile. Humayun took refuge in the court of the Safavid ruler of Iran. In 1555 Humayun defeated Sher Shah and regained his empire.

Ø Jalaluddin Akbar (1556-1605)

§  Akbar is considered to be a great ruler of the Mughals.He expanded his empire and made it as the largest, strongest and the richest kingdom at the time of his rule. He was able to expand his empire up to the Hindukush Mountains and prevented the Uzbeks and Safavids.

Ø Jahangir (1605-27)

Ø Shajahan (1628-58)

Ø  Aurangzeb or Alamgir (1658-1707)

 

v MUGHAL IMPERIAL STRUCTURE.

Ø The institutions of an imperial structure were created in the 16th and 17th centuries by Mughal authority.

Ø It had effective methods of administration and taxation.

Ø The court was the centre of the Mughal power where political alliances and relationships were made and status and hierarchies were defined.

Ø The political system of the Mughals was based on a combination of military power accommodating various traditions of the subcontinent that the Mughals faced.

v DECLINE OF MUGHAL

Ø Mughal ruled almost all over India from1526 to 1707 in a very effective way. But after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the power of the dynasty diminished.

Ø Many regional powers acquired greater autonomy, In place of the vast different capital cities Delhi, Agra or Lahore.

Ø Though Mughal Empire continued till 1857 when East India company overthrown last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II after revolt 1857 and sent him to exile to Rangoon.

 

Q.2 What do you mean by manuscripts. How these were prepared.

Ø The books which were written by hand is called as manuscripts. These were written in imperial Kitabkhana in Mughal Empire.

Ø Kitabkhana- It was a place or scriptorium where emperor’s collection of manuscript was kept and new manuscripts were produced.

Ø MAKING OF MANUSCRIPTS

PERSONS	WORKS	REMARKS
Papermakers	Prepared folios of the manuscripts	High status And get titles and award
Scribes or calligraphers	Copied the text	High status And get titles and award
Gilders	Illuminated the pages.	Remained anonymous artisans.
Painters	Illustrated scenes from the text	High status And get titles and award
Book binders	Gathered the individual folios and set them within ornamental	Remained anonymous artisans.

 

Ø CALLIGRAPHY

Ø Art of handwriting is called calligraphy. It was considered a skill of great importance. Muhammad Husayn of Kashmir (c.1575-1605), one of the finest calligraphers at Akbar’s court, who was honoured with the title “zarrin qalam” (golden pen)

§  It was practiced with different styles like nastaliq, shikaste etc.

§   Akbar’s favorite handwritten style was the nastaliq which was a fluid style with long horizontal strokes.

§  It was written using a piece of trimmed reed which had a tip of five to 10 mm called qalam. The reed was dipped in carbon ink(siyahi).The nib of the qalam was split in the middle to facilitate the flow of ink.

Q.3 What do you know about Mughal Harem. Explain the role of women in Mughal court.

1.    The domestic world of the Mughal was referred to as ‘harem’. It is a Persian word meaning a sacred place.

2.    Harem consisted of the wives of emperors and concubines, his relatives and other family members. It also had servants both male and female slaves.

3.    The Mughal rulers maintained a distinction between wives with aristocratic backgrounds (Begums) and other wives (aghas) who were not noble by birth.

4.    The Begums were married by the emperors after giving huge amounts of cash and other precious things as dowry (mahr).Concubines (agacha) were given monthly allowances and gifts according their status.

5.    The aghas and aghachas could rise to the position of a begum depending upon the husband’s will.

6.    There were a number of male and female slaves in the Mughal household. They performed various tasks which required skill, tact and intelligence.

7.    Slave eunuchs (Khwajasara) served as guards and servants and also as agents for women selling goods.

ROLE OF MUGHAL QUEEN AND PRINCESSES

 After Nur Jahan, the queens of Mughal rulers and princesses began to control important official resources.

JAHANARA AND ROSHANARA

1.    They were daughters of Shah Jahan.

2.    They also receive the salary of high manasbdar.

3.    Jahanara also receive revenue from the port city of Surat.

4.    Jahanara took special interest in many architectural projects of Shah Jahan in founding new capital, Shajahanabad(Delhi).

5.    Among these projects was the construction of imposing double storeyed Caravanserai with a courtyard and a garden. The bazaar of Chandini Chowk,the main centre of trade in Shajahanabad,was designed by Jahanara.

 GULBADAN

1.    Humayun’s daughter Gulbadan wrote an interesting book “Humayunama” giving glimpses of domestic world of the Mughals.

2.    She could write fluently in Turkish and Persian.When Akbar ordered Abul Fazl to write a history of his reign, he requested his aunt to record her memoirs of earlier times under Babur and Humayun.

3.    Gulbadan did not write the eulogy of the Mughal emperors. She rather described the conflicts and tensions among the princes and kings and the mediating role of the elderly women of the family played in resolving some of these conflicts.