HISTORY-X CHAPTER
1
THE RISE OF
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
(LESSON NOTES)
_____________________________________________________________
v NATIONALISM
Ø A
feeling of oneness with the society or the state, love and devotion for the
motherland is known as nationalism. It started in 19 the century.
v NATION
STATE
Ø A
state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity
and functions as sovereign territorial unit was called as nation state. This
concept emerged in 19th century in Europe as a result of the growth of
nationalism.
v MODERN
STATE
Ø A
state in which sovereignty is exercised by a centralized power over a specific
territory and population.
v FREDERIC
SORRIEU AND DEMOCRATIC AND SOCIAL REPUBLICS
Ø He
was a French artist famous for prints prepared in 1848 that visualized the
dream of a world. It was known as Democratic and Social Republics. Its features
were as follows-
§ In
this painting Frederic Sorrieu depicted, peoples of Europe and America marching
in a long train and offering homage to the statue of Liberty.
§ Liberty was personified by female figure with
a torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of
Man in the other.
§ The
symbols of absolutist institutions spread all over.
DEMOCRATIC AND SOCIAL REPUBLICS |
§ In
Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are identified through their
flags and national costume.
§ Leading
countries were are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were
already nation-states.
§ From
the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels were happy to see all.
v ABSOLUTIST
GOVERNMENT
Ø A
system of government where all the powers are vested in a single person or
body. It is a monarchical form of government in which the ruler is the absolute
authority and is not answerable to anybody.
v FRENCH
REVOLUTION (1789)
Ø French
revolution was occurred in 1789. led to the transfer of
sovereignty from the monarchy. It marks the beginning of nationalism. These
features showed that creation of nationalism.
§ France
was under absolute monarchy in 1789.
§ The
Revolution transferred the sovereignty from the monarch to the French people.
§ Ideas
of La patrie (the fatherhood) and Le citoyen (the citizen)
adopted.
§ New
French Flag, the tricolour, adopted replacing the royal standard.
§ Estates
General elected by citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
§ A
centralized political system established.
§ Internal custom dues abolished.
§ Uniform
weights and measures adopted.
§ French
became the language of the nation.
v SPREAD
OF NATIONALISM
Ø The
revolutionaries declared that it was the mission to liberate the peoples of Europe from
despotism
Ø French
armies moved into different cities like Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy
to liberate the people.
Ø Students
and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
v NAPOLEON
(1769-1821)
Ø He
Ruled over France from 1799 to 1815. He assumed absolute powers
in 1799 by becoming the First Consul. He destroyed the democracy but have taken
many steps to developed nationalism that were known as civil code
v CIVIL
CODE/NAPOLEONIC CODE (1804)
Ø Established
equality before law.
Ø Abolished
all privileges based on birth.
Ø Granted
the right to property to French citizens.
Ø Simplified
administrative divisions.
Ø Abolished
feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.
Ø Removed
restrictions on guilds in towns.
Ø Improved
transport and communication.
v OPPOSITION
OF NEPOLEON
Ø Though
initially French armies were welcomed but continuous Militarily operations of
Napoleon proved to be an oppressor for the people of the conquered territories.
Ø Taxation and censorship were imposed.
Ø Military
services were made mandatory.
Ø So
the people go against to Nepoleon and finally he was defeated in the battle of
waterloo (1815).
v EUROPE
IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY
Ø Europeans
never saw themselves as sharing a common identity or culture.They were very
diverse.For eample-The Habsburg Empire of Austria
Ø The Habsburg Empire of Austria–
§ It
was a patchwork of many different
regions and peoples.
§ It
included the Alpine regions– the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well
as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.
§ It
also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
§ They
used different languages as Magyar, polish, French, Italian and German and variety of dialects.
§ So
it was very difficult to promote a sense of political unity in that time.
v SOCIETY
OF EUROPE
Ø In
Europe society were mainly in two groups
Ø ARISTOCRACY
§ They
were very rich and have occupied most of land of Europe.
§ They
were less in number, but dominated in Europe, both socially and politically.
§ They
spoke French which was considered the language of the high society.
§ Their
families were connected through marriage.
§ They
favored the conservatism.
Ø PEASANTRY
§ They
were tenants and small land owners who worked as serfs.
§ They
cultivated the lands of the aristocratic lords.
§ The
growth of trade and industrial production facilitated the growth of towns and
rise of a commercial class of traders.
§ So they an educated, liberal middle class
emerged and popularized nationalism and stood for the abolition of aristocracy and became the supporter of liberalism.
v POLITICAL
PHILOSPHY IN EUROPE
v LIBERALISM
Ø The
term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For
the new middle classes liberalism have different meaning in politically,
socially and economically.
Ø POLITICALLY
§ It
emphasised on the concept of government by consent.
§ Liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy
and clerical privileges,
§ It
emphasized on the representative government through parliament.
Nineteenth-century
Ø SOICALLY
§ Liberalism
stood for equality before law.
§ They also focused on the inviolability of private
property.
§ They
demanded the right to suffrage or voting rights for all persons.
Ø ECONOMICALLY
§ In
economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of market.
§ Abolition
of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
§ To
reduce the number of currency and equal measurement and weigh.
v ZOLLVEREIN
Ø A
customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia to abolished the tariff barriers and reduced
the number of currencies to two from over thirty was known as Zollverein.
v CONSERVATISM
Ø It
was a
political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established
institutions the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies and family and
customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change. There features were
as follows-
Ø They
were autocratic.
Ø They were intolerant to criticism and dissent.
Ø To
adopt the censorship of press for curbing the liberal ideals
Ø Discouraged any questions that challenged
their legitimacy
v CONGRESS
OF VIENNA (1815)
Ø It
was held in 1815 at Vienna by Britain,
Russia, Prussia and Austria for settlement for Europe
and restoring the monarchies that were overthrown by Napoleon for creation of a
new conservative order.It was held in Vienna under the leadership of Austrian
Chancellor Duke Metternich. The salient features of the treaty were as follows:
§ The
Bourbon dynasty restored to power in France.
§ France was disposed of its conquered
territories.
§ Kingdom
of Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was
set up in the South for preventing French expansion in future.
§ Prussia
was given new territories, including a portion of Saxony.
§ Austria
got control over Northern Italy.
§ Russia got Poland.
§ Napoleon‟s
confederation of 39 states was not changed.
v THE
REVOLUTIONARIES
Ø Upholders
of the idea of liberalism and against the conservative regimes of the 19th
century. Many secret societies were formed whose main aims were:
§ Training
the revolutionaries and spreading their ideas throughout Europe.
§ Opposing
monarchical governments established after the Vienna Congress of 1815.
§ Fighting
for liberty and freedom from autocratic rule.
§ Emphasizing
the idea of creation of nation states.
v GIUSEPPE
MAZZINI
Ø Giuseppe
Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807, was a famous revolutionary. He became a member
of the secret society of the Carbonari.
Ø He
was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
Ø Mazzini
believed that god had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
Ø He
was the founder of Young Italy at Marseilles and Young Europe at Berne, the two
secret societies
Ø Metternich
described him as ‘The most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
v THE
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS (1830-1848)
Ø The
consolidation of power by the conservative regime made liberalism and
nationalism associated with revolution in many regions of Europe.
Ø Italian and German states, the provinces of
the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland experienced such revolutions.
Ø The
revolutionaries comprised professors, school teachers, clerks and members of
the commercial middle class.
v JULY
REVOLUTION, FRANCE (1830)
Ø The
Bourbon Kings, which was restored after the Vienna Congress of 1815 was
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
Ø Louis
Philippe was installed as a constitutional monarch.
Ø Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of
Netherlands.
Ø Metternich
once remarked ‘When France sneezes,’, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’
Ø So
after that the revolution started in different part of the Europe.
v GREEK
REVOLUTION (1830)
Ø Greece
was part of the Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
Ø As
the growth of nationalism started in Europe Greek‟s struggle for independence
from the Ottoman rule in 1821.
Ø It
was support from West European countries.
Ø Poets
and artists, who were inspired by the ancient Greek culture and literature,
also supported the revolution. E.g., Lord Byron, the famous English Poet.
Ø Finally
in 1832 the Treaty of Constantinople recognized Greece as
an independent nation.
v ROMANTICISM
(1830’s)
Ø A
cultural movement that rejected science and reason and introduced heart and
emotions was known as romanticism.
Ø The
concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared collective heritage
and a common cultural past for arousing nationalism.
Ø German philosopher and romanticist Johann
Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) believed that true German culture can be discovered
only among common people (das volk) through their practice of flock
traditions.
Ø It
emphasized on vernacular languages and folklore for conveying their ideas to
illiterate masses.
Ø Culture
with art and poetry, stories and music played a major role in the shaping and
expression of nationalistic feelings and nation.
v ECONOMIC
CONDITION OF EUROPE AFTER 1830
Ø Great
economic hardships were experienced in Europe.
Ø The
ratio of the rise of population was larger than that of employment generation.
Ø Migration
of rural population to cities led to overcrowded slums.
Ø Small
producers in towns (especially textile producing industries) were often ousted
by the import of cheap machine-made goods from England.
Ø Rise
in food prices or a year of bad harvest left the country poorer.
v REVOLUTION
IN FRANCE -1848,
Ø Widespread
food shortages and widespread unemployment experienced in Paris.
Ø Barricades
were made and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
Ø National
Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
Ø Suffrage
to all males above 21 was granted.
Ø The
right to work was guaranteed.
Ø National workshops for providing employment
were set up.
v SILESIA
REVOLT-1845,
Ø Weavers
revolted against contractors for the drastic reduction in their payments.
Ø This
revolution received scorns and threats alternately and resulted in the death of
eleven weavers.
v THE
REVOLUTION IN GERMANY-1848
Ø This
revolution was led by the educated middle classes.
Ø Large
number of political associations whose members were professionals, businessmen
and prosperous artisans decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly in
Frankfurt.
Ø 831 elected representatives marched to take
their places in the Frankfurt Parliament on 18th May 1848.
Ø They
drafted a Constitution for a German nation based on constitutional monarchy.
Ø But
their demands were rejected by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV as
he opposed the elected assembly along with the other monarchs.
Ø Finally, troops forcibly disbanded the
assembly.
v LIBERAL
MOVEMENT AND WOMEN RIGHTS
Ø In
spite of all these efforts by the women, they still were only allowed to
observe the functioning of the Frankfurt parliament.
Ø Women
opposed this by founding newspapers, forming political associations and
organizing public meetings and organizations.
Ø They
were denied the right to vote.
v RESULTS
OF LIBERAL MOVEMENT
Ø Though
liberal movements were crushed by the powerful conservative forces. However, some
changes were occurred.
Ø Monarchs
realized the importance of granting concessions to the liberal nationalist
revolutionaries for preventing unrest in the society.
Ø Serfdom
and bonded labour were abolished both in Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
Ø Hungarians
were granted more autonomy in 1867.
v UNIFICATION
OF GERMANY (1866-1871)
Ø In
1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German
confederation into a nation state under an elected parliament.
Ø But
it was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military and
were supported by the landowners (“Junkers”).
Ø After that
Prussia took over the leadership of the
movement for national unification.
Ø Otto
Von Bismark, chief minister of Prussia, was the
architect of the leading role of Prussia in the process of
nation-building.
Ø Prussia
emerged victorious after fighting three wars over seven years against the
combined forces of Austria, Denmark and France and the process of unification
of Germany was completed.
Ø Finally,
on 18th January 1871 the new
German empire headed by the German Emperor Kaiser William I was declared
in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
Ø The
New German Empire focused on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and
judicial systems.
v UNIFICATION
OF ITALY
Ø During
19th century Italy was divided into seven states with under
different rulers..
Ø Only
Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The North was under
Austrian Habsburgs. The centre was under Pope. The South was under the Bourbon
Kings of Spain.
Ø Italian
language had varieties of dialects; therefore, it was not stable in its form.
Ø Role
of Giuseppe Mazzini
§ Giuseppe
Mazzini formed a coherent program for uniting
the Italian Republic.
§ He
also, formed a secret society called Young Italy.
§ But
Failure of the 1831 and 1848 revolutionary uprisings prompted King Victor
Emmanuel II from Sardinia-Piedmont to unify the Italian states.
Ø Chief
Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, Count Cavour, led the movement for
the unification of Italy.
Ø In
1859 Sardinia-Piedmont with an alliance with France defeated the Austrian
forces. Large number of people under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined
the movement.
Ø In
1860 Sardinia-Piedmont‟s forces marched into south Italy and the Kingdom of the
Two Scillies and drove out the Spanish rulers.
Ø Finally
in 1861 Victor Emanuel was declared as the king of united Italy and Rome
was declared the capital of Italy.
v BRITAIN
AS A NATION
Ø Britain
was not a nation state prior to 18th century. It was known as English, Welsh,
Scot or Irish.
Ø The
steady growth of power made the English nation extend its influence over the
other nations and islands.
Ø In
1688 English parliament seized power from the monarchy.It was known as
bloodless revolution.
Ø In
1707 the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed with the Act of the Union
between England and Scotland.
Ø England
dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British Parliament was dominated
by English members.
Ø In
1801 Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed revolution led
by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798).
Ø A
new „British Nation‟ was formed with her various symbols such as the British
flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (“God Save Our Noble King”) and the
English language.
v VISUALISING
THE NATION
Ø Nation
were personified by a female figer which was known as allegory. Two most
famous allegories were in Europe-
Ø France
- Marianne
§ In
France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined
the idea of a people’s nation.
§ Her
characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red
cap, the tricolor, the cockade.
§ Statues
of Marianne were placed in public squares to remind the public of the national
symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were
marked on coins and stamps.
Ø Germania
- Germania
§ Germania
became the allegory of the German nation.
§
§ In
visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak
stands for heroism.
v DIFFERENT
SUMBOLS AND SIGNIFICANCE
Symbols
|
Significance
|
Broken chains
|
Liberty
|
Breastplate with
eagle
|
Strength
|
Crown of oak leaves
|
Heroism
|
Sword
|
Readiness to fight
|
Olive branch around
the sword
|
Willingness to make
peace
|
Rays of the rising
sun
|
Beginning of a new
era
|
Black,
red and gold tricolour
|
Flag
of the liberal nationalists
|
v NATIONALISM
AND IMPERIALISM
Ø By
the quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its
idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but
became a narrow creed with limited ends.
Ø It
turned into imperialism or to conquer more and more areas to expand their territories.
Ø The
most serious source of nationalists tension in Europe after 1871 was the area
called the Balkans
§ The
Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day
Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia etc.
§ It
was under the control of ottoman empire but with the disintegration
of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive
§ One
by one its European subjects nationalities broke away from its control and
declared independence.
§ The
Balkan area became an era of intense conflict.
§ The
Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory
at the expense of each other.
§ At
the same time the European power like Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary
– were keen to control over the Balkans This led to a series of wars in the
region and finally the First World War.
§ So
we can say that the problem of Balkans create the situation of world war-1
share for your students, good notes
ReplyDelete