GEOGRAPHY-(X) LESSON-1 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( LESSON NOTES)

GEOGRAPHY-X LESSON-1

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

LESSON NOTES

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v RESOURCES

Ø Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs can be termed as ‘Resource’. These are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

v MAKING OF RESOURCES

Ø Things changed into resources by human beings by using technology.

Ø They are converted into the institutions

Ø Natural object which are found in the nature are converted in to resources                                         

Ø Resources are not free gift of nature but are the activities of human beings.

v CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES

TYPES OF RESOURCES

v TYPES OF RESOURCES

Ø Natural resources-It can be classified on different basis-

§  On the basis of origin-Biotic and Abiotic

§  On the basis of development -Actual and potential, Stock and reserve

§  On the basis of exhaustibility -Renewable and non renewable

§  On the basis of ownership –Individual, community, National and International

Natural Resources on the basis Development and use
Developed resources	Potential
The resource which quantity is known is called as developed resources.	The resource which quantity is unknown is called as actual resources.
They are used in present time	They may be used in future.
Examples-Coal in Ruhr region of Germany, Wind mills in Nagercoil (Tamilnadu), Black soils  Maharashtra	Examples- Uranium found in Ladakh
Natural Resources on the basis of Development
Stock		Reserve
The resources which can satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access are called as stock		The subset of the stock, which can satisfy human needs but their use has not been started are called as reserve.
Human don’t have the technology		Human have the technology to use.
Example-water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy.		Example-River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but Presently, it is being utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc
Natural Resources on the basis of stock
Renewable		Non Renewable
The resources which get renewed or replenish quickly.		The resources which takes thousands year to renew.
Some of these resources have unlimited stock. They can be divided into continuous and flow.		These resources have limited stock. Some are recyclable.
Example-Solar, Wind, Water etc.		Example-Coal, Petroleum, Fossil Fuel, Natural gas etc.
Natural Resources on the basis of origin
Biotic		Biotic
The resources which are living beings are called as biotic resources		The resources which are living beings are called as biotic resources
They need food for their growth		They need food for their growth
Example-Plants, Animals		Example-Plants, Animals
Natural Resources on the basis of Ownership
Individual		Community
The resources which are owned and operated by own are called as individual resources		The resources which are owned and operated by whole community are called as community resources
Decision are taken Individually		Decision are taken by all community members.
Example-Farm Land, Own Books, House		Example-Grass land, Public Park
Natural Resources on the basis of Ownership
National		International
The resources belongs to a nation are called as National resources		The resources which are handle by group of nation or International organisation are called as International resources.
The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good.		The international organistaions have the legal power.
Example- All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (19.2 km)		Example- The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong .

v SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

Ø Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

v EARTH SUMMIT AND AGENDA 21

Ø  Earth Summit is an international conference on environment. First Earth Summit was held in Rio de Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992. It held in every 10 years.

Ø In the conference leaders of the worlds discussed about sustainable development and they adopted 21 points policy which is called ‘Agenda 21’. It has different agenda as-

§  It is an agenda to combat environmental damage,

§  To remove poverty and disease through global co-operation

§   This agenda to adopted at local level also.

v RESOURCE PLANNING

Ø To use the resources in optimum way so that maximum benefit should reach to maximum people is called as resources planning.

Ø Three steps for resource planning-

§  Identification and inventory of resources by surveying and mapping

§  Evolving a planning structure to use the resources with appropriate technology.

§  Matching resource development plan with national development plan

v NEED OF RESOURCES PLANNING IN INDIA

Ø Many regions in our country which have the resources but don’t have the technology.

Ø Many areas have poor resources but economically developed.

Ø During colonialisation the resources are overexploited. So there is need of planning to utilize the resources in best way.

v CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

Father of the nation – Mahatma Gandhi – said that “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed”.

Ø We should conserve resources for following reasons.

§  Resources are unevenly distributed.

§  Resources are limited. Many of the resources are non-renewable.

§  Resources should be conserved to reduce all kinds of pollution.

§  Resources are also conserved for ‘sustainable development’.

§  To protect natural heritage.

v METHODS OF RESOURCE CONSERVATION

Ø Wastage, misuse and overuse of resources should be avoided.

Ø Renewable resources should be used more e.g. solar energy, wind energy etc.

Ø Older technology should be replaced with newer, modern and efficient technology.

Ø Awareness should be created among the people.

Ø Govt. should pass strict laws for establishment and location of industries.

Ø Used items should be recycled by using new technology.

v LAND RESOURCES

Ø Land is an important natural resource. All human activities placed on land only.

Ø India has vast land resource. Total area of our country is about 3.28 million sq. km. India ranks 7th in the world in term of size.

Ø Landform of India

Topography	Percentage	Importance
Plain	43%	Good for agriculture
Mountains	30%	Tourist attraction and source of river
Plateau	27%	Rich in Mineral  and black soil

v LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA

Ø The use of land is determined by two factors-

§  Physical factors - topography, climate, soil types

§  Human factors - population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.

v CATEGORIES OF LAND USE

Ø Forest Land –The land used for forest is called as forest land. Currently nearly 24 % forest land in India. According to forest policy of 1952 for ecological balance 33% land should cover with forest.

Ø Land Not available for cultivation

§  Barren and west land –The land which is not fit for cultivation is called as barren land.

§  Non agriculture land - It is used for factories, housing etc.

Ø Other uncultivated land

§  Permanent pastures and grazing land-

§   Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area)

§   Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years

Ø Fallow land - Fallow land is that land which is left uncultivated by the farmer. These can use divided into these two parts-

§  Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),

§   Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).

Ø Net sown area - Net sown area is the actual land on which agriculture is done. It is nearly 43% in India. But varies indifferent states. Highest in Punjab and Haryana (80%) lowest in North eastern states. Some parts of net sown area are used more than one time in a single agricultural season. When this land is added with net sown area, it is called gross sown area or gross cropped area. It is 54% in India.

v Land Degradation

Ø Lowering the quality of land up to such an extent that the land become unfit for any use, it is called as land degradation. In India about 130 million hectare of lands are degraded -

§  Forest degraded land-28%

§  Water eroded area- 56 per cent

§  Saline and alkaline -6 %

§  Wind eroded area-10%

v CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION

Ø Deforestation – cutting of trees and forest

Ø Erosion by rain water and wind

Ø Water logging in low lying area

Ø Increasing salinity [salt] due to over irrigation

Ø Dumping of urban and industrial waste on valuable land

Ø Mining and quarrying activities for extracting minerals

v SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF LAND DEGRADATION.

Ø Afforestation

Ø Planting of shelter belts of plants

Ø Control on over grazing.

Ø Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation.

Ø Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities,  Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment

v MEANING OF SOIL

Ø The upper part of the crust which is loose and fragmented and has air, water and minerals contents to support growth of plants is called as soil.

Ø Bacteria and other small organisms are also found in the soil which makes it more fertile.

v FORMATION OF SOIL:

Ø Soil is formed by weathering and erosion of rocks. Temperature and rainfall breaks down the rock into smaller parts. After mixing of water and minerals in these sediments, it acquires the form of soil.

Ø FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION

§  Parent Rocks: It determined the colour, texture and mineral contents in soil

§   Climate [Rainfall and Temperature]: It determines rate of weathering and erosion of rocks.

§  Topography [Slope]: On higher land thin layer of soil is found, while in the lower valley thick deposition of alluvium is found.

§  Vegetation [Plants and Trees]: They add organic matter [Humus] to the soil.

§  Time: Older soils are generally more fertile than newer soil.

v CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

Ø On the basis of the factors responsible for soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soils of India can be classified in different types. The main types of soil are-

v ALLUVIAL SOIL

Ø It is the most fertile and extensive soil in India.

Ø It is found in the river valleys of Ganga, Yamuna, Indus and Brahmaputra.

Ø This soil contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime so it  is ideal for the agriculture of rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses and many other crops

Ø  This soil has been formed by deposition of sediments in the northern plain.

Ø This soil is found from Punjab up to Assam. It is also found along the coastal areas.

Ø Coarse soil near the mountain foothill is called duars, chos and tarai According to size of grains it can divided into these three parts

§  Sand

§  silt

§  clay

Ø According to the age the alluvial soil can be classified into these two parts-

BANGAR	KHADAR
1. It is called as old alluvial soil.	1. It is called new alluvial
2. It is found in higher ares so river water can’t reach to these ares.	2. The river water reach every year.
3.It is less fertile.	3. It is more fertile.
4. The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules.	It has fine particles.

v BLACK SOIL

Ø This soil is formed by the weathering of lava rocks.

Ø It looks black due to presence of magnesium in it.It is also called regur soil

Ø It is Ideal for cotton cultivation

Ø It have the capacity to hold moisture and  rich in  calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, lime  but poor in phosphoric contents.

Ø They develop deep cracks during hot weather which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.

Ø These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work immediately after the first shower.

Ø It is found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and deccan areas(basalt regions)  Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh .

v RED – YELLOW SOIL

Ø Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall.

Ø Yelllow and red soils are also found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

Ø These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

Ø It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form

v LATERITE SOIL                                                 

Ø Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick.

Ø The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall due to intense leaching.

Ø It has very low content of Humus.

Ø Laterite soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.

Ø  These soils are mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

Ø This soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee and cashew nut.  

SOIL IN INDIA

v  ARID SOIL

Ø Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.

Ø They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

Ø Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.

Ø The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar due to increasing calcium content which restricts the infiltration of water.

Ø After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.                         

v FOREST SOIL                         

Ø It is found in hilly and mountainous areas where more forest available.

Ø They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.

Ø It has very low humus content.

Ø It is found in Himalayan region.

v SOIL EROSION

Ø Removal of top and fertile layer of soil by the agents like rainwater and wind is called soil erosion.

Ø Soil erosion is a acute problem in India. Chambal river basin is so badly eroded that this entire area is called as ‘Bad Land or Ravines’.

Ø TYPES OF SOIL EROSION

§  Sheet Erosion- When water flows as a sheet over large areas and the top soil is washed away that is known as sheet erosion

§  Gully Erosion- When the running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. That is known as gullies erosion. It is most Dangerous.

Ø REASON FOR SOIL EROSION

§  Deforestation – Cutting down of trees and forests

§  Overgrazing by cattle

§  Unscientific agriculture, Ploughing land parallel to the slope

§  Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation

Ø MEASUREMENT TO CHECK SOIL EROSION

§  Afforestation – Planting trees on degraded land

§  Plugging of gullies

§  Check on overgrazing by cattle

§  Scientific agriculture [Ploughing land at right angle of slope – Contour Ploughing]

§    Crop rotation

§  Terrace farming

§  Shelter Belt-Planting of trees in lines is called as shelter belt.

§  Strip cropping- Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

§  Terrace farming-The farming on hilly areas by making the step is called as terrace farming.