THEME
- 12
COLONIAL
CITIES
Urbanization,
Planning and Architecture
QUESTION
ANSWERS
One marks questions
Q.1-Bombay
was given to to the English East Company in the year…………… by the English
king who got it as a wedding gift from the king of………………
Ans-1661, and Portugal
Q-2 Three fishing and
weaving towns that emerged in big cities ?
Ans-Mumbai, Calcutta,
Madras
Q-3.Write two feature
of Mughal towns.
Ans-(1) Concentration
of population, Monumental building, grandeur and wealth.
(2) Presence of emperor, location of treasury
Q-4. Write any two town
in south India famous for temples.
Ans.- Maduari and
Kanchipuram
Q-5 Why Delhi and Agra
lose their political authority?
Ans.-Gradual erosion of
Mughal power
Q-6. Name the new
emerging capital of 18 th century.
Ans.- Lucknow,
Hyderabad, Seringapatam, Poona, Nagpur, Baroda and Tanjore.
Q-7. A small town in the countryside, often the
seat of local notable is called as…………….
Ans.- Qasbah a
Q-8. What do you mean
by ganj?
Ans.-A small fixed
market.
Q-9. Match the colonial
power with the town where they set up their bases:
|
A.
Panjim
|
(i)
Dutch
|
|
B.
Masulipatnam
|
(ii)
Enlish
|
|
C.
Madras
|
(iii)
French
|
|
D.Pondicherry
|
(iv)
Portuguese
|
Ans.- A-iv, B-I, C-ii,
D-iii
Q-10. Write down
the old centers which decline in 18 th
century.
Ans- Surat, Dhaka,
Masulipatnam
Q-11. Britishers
acquired political control after which war?
Ans- Plassy war in 1757.
Q-12. Railway were
introduced in India in which year?
Ans- 1853
Q-13. Which town on the
Ganga bank the collection centre of cotton goods?
Ans-Mirzapur
Q.14.
Why was the colonial government keen on mapping of Indian cities from the early
years?
Ans. Maps were made to
plan the development of towns.
Ans.
White towns were mainly for whites and Black towns were for the Black people.
Q.16. Why was Hill
stations set up?
Ans. Hill stations were
set up as they were strategic places to billet troops guard.
Q17. Mention town
planning in Bengal.
Ans. Concern for
defense- they needed defense against local rulers.
Q18. Distinguish the
society in the new colonial cities.
Ans. within the new
cities new social groups were formed.
Q19. What is Neo
classical style of Architecture?
Ans-Neo
classical style- it had geometrical structure, lofty pillars, similar to
buildings in ancient Rome
Q20. What is new gothic
style of architecture?
Ans.
New gothic style- its roots in buildings specially churches built in northern
Europe during the medieval period.
Q21. What is Indo –
saracenic style of Architecture?
Ans.
Indo-saracenic style- indo meant Hindu and Saracen used to name Muslim. The
inspiration for this style was medieval building in India
Q.22. What were the
aims of census?
Ans.(1) To study
urbanization
(2)
To know historical changes.
Q.23. Mention merits of
hill stations?
Ans.(1) They were
important for guarding frontiers.
(2) They were useful for health
facilities.
Q.24. Name the two
industrial towns which came up during colonial period?
Ans. (1) Kanpur
specialized in leather, woolen and textiles.
(2)
Jamshedpur specialized in iron and steel.
Q.25. How did the
railways affect towns?
Ans.
(1) New cities developed as Jamalpur,
Bareilly, and Waltair.
(2) Some industrial centres
developed.
Q.26. What is
difference between cities and villages?
Ans.(1) In villages'
people made a living by agriculture and domesticating animals.
(2) In cities people belong to various
professions such as services, trade, shop keeping, industries.
Q.27. Why did the
British take upon themselves the task of town planning?
Ans.
(1) The British wanted to live in separate and protected settlements away from
Indians.
(2) They wanted clean and hygienic
city free from all diseases.
Q-28. Name of the forts
of these towns- Calcutta, Madras, Bombay
Ans-Fort William, Fort
st George, The Fort
Q-29. Industrial cities
popular for leather and cotton textiles and steel?
Ans- Leather and cotton
–Kanpur, Steel- Jamshedpur
Q-30. Hill stations
were founded during the course of-…………..
Ans- (i) Anglo Maratha
War-1818
(ii) Gurkha war 1815-16
(iii) Sikkim war in 1835
Q-31. Who officially
moved his capital to Simla?
Ans- John Lawerence
Q-32. Write down two
diseases associated with hot weather?
Ans-Cholera and
Malaria.
Q-33.Madraspatnam
locally known as …………and Britishers bought it from local lords known as…………..
Ans- Chennaptanam,
Nayak of Kalahasti
Q-34. Elphinston circle
was subsequently renamed by which name?
Ans- Horniman Point
Q-35. What is meant by
latin phrase “Urbas Prima In Indis”?
Ans- Most Important
city of India.
Q-36. Write down two
step to promote hygiene in native town after 1860”s
Ans-Underground piped
water and drainage system
Q-37. What is
cantonment?
Ans-Place
where Indian troopds under European commn were stationed. These area were
separate but attached to Indian towns.
Q-38.
Where the European company set up area and when?
|
SR NO
|
COUNTRY
|
CITY
|
YEAR
|
|
1
|
Portuguese
|
Panaji
|
1510
|
|
2
|
Dutch
|
Masulipatam
|
1605
|
|
3
|
British
|
Madras
|
1639
|
|
4
|
French
|
Pondicherry
|
1873
|
Q-39. The survey of
India was established in which year?
Ans-1878.
Q-40 The first all-India census was attempted in which
year?
Ans-1872
Q-41. Write down important building in different cities.
Ans-
|
CITY
|
BUILDINGS
|
|
CALCUTTA
|
Writes
Building, Fort William, Maidain(open Space)
|
|
Shimla
|
Capital
in hot summer
|
|
Mumabi
|
Town Hall In Bombay(1833), Elphinstone circle(1860), Vicoria Terminus, Gateway of India(1911 to welcome
King George V and queen Mary In Gujarati Style), Taj Mahal Hotel by Jamsetji
Tata,
Chawl (multi-storeyed single room apartment)
|
|
Madras
|
Fort st George
|
Q-42. Suez Canal was opened in which year?
Ans-1869
Q-43.Write down three Architectural styles
of buildings.
Ans-Architectural
styles
1..
Neo-classical,
2.Neo-Gothic
Indo
3.
Indo-Saracenic styles.
Q-44. Write down the
meaning of Pet and Puram?
Ans- Pet is a Tamil
word meaning settlement and puram means village.
Q-45.Write down the
settlement set in Madras?
Ans-
|
v Triplicane
|
v Nuclues of Muslim settlement set up by Nawab
of Arcot
|
|
v San Thome
|
v Center of Roman Catholic
|
|
v Mylapore
|
v Earlier hindu religious center
|
Q-46. Who was Binodini
das?
Ans- A pioneer figure
in Bengali Theater. In 19 and 20th century.
Q-47. Write down three
orders of ancient Greek architecture.
Ans- Ionic capital,
Doric capital and Corinthian capital.
Q-48. Write down the
percentage of urban population in 1941.
Ans- 12.8%
Q-49.Calcutta was set
up by which three villages?
Ans- Sutanati, Kolkata and
Govindpur.
Q-50. How many island
in the Mumbai?
Ans- 7
(Short Answer questions
3 MARKS)
Q.1.
To what extent are census data useful in reconstructing patterns of
urbanization in the colonial context?
Ans.
(1) The British gained information about white and non-white people living in
various towns.
(2) British gained information about expansion of cities.
(3) They got knowledge about living standard of the people.
(4) British got knowledge about many diseases.
(5) The census data provided information about age, sex,
caste and occupation.
(6) The census data could be converted into social data.
Q.2. Why was the
records preserved in the colonial cities?
Ans. (1) British administration was based on datas
and information.
(2) For professional activities they wanted to know more
about trading activities.
(3) They wanted to control speed and spread of cities.
(4) For strength of administration they liked to preserve
records.
(5) For spreading public facilities records were
compulsory.
(6) Records were important for experiences & proper and
efficient sale.
Q.3. What do the terms
white and black towns signify?
Ans. White town-
(1) In a colonial city the fortified area where the
Europeans lived was white town.
(2) Colour and religion was the main basis of it.
(3) Dutch and Portuguese were European and
Christian so they could live in white
town.
Black town-
(1) the area outside the fortified area where the Indians
lived was black town.
(2) The Indians who had economic relations with British
lived there.
Q.4. How did prominent
Indian merchants establish themselves in colonial city?
Ans.
(1) With the expansion of British power in India, the Indian merchants,
middlemen and supplier of goods became part of the cities.
(2) With the expansion of railway the
Indian merchants started establishing their industries in the cities.
(3)
The rich Indian agents and middlemen got built courtyard houses near bazaars.
(4) Indian merchants purchased large
tract of land in the cities for future investment
and profit.
(5) They started copying western
style of life.
Q.5. What were the
concerns that influenced town planning in 19th century?
Ans.
(1) Setting a city close to the sea coast
was a main concern for commercial objectives.
(2) For security point of view they
wanted to live in separate and highly protected settlements.
(3) Preparing maps were highly
imperative in order to understand the landscape and topography.
(4) Creating open places in the city was a good way to make
the city healthier.
(5) To make sufficient funds for maintenance of the cities
was another concern.
Q.6. How were urban
centres transformed during the 18th century?
Ans. (1) With the decline of Mughal
power, the towns associated with their administration started declining.
(2)
The regional capitals Lucknow, Hyderabad, Seringapatam, and Poona started
gaining importance.
(3) The traders, administrators,
artisans and other people, in search of work and patronage, began to reside in new capitals.
(4) With acquiring political control, the
East India Company rapidly developed Madras, Calcutta and Bombay.
Q.7.
Mention any 2 reasons for the British to take upon themselves the task of town
planning in Bengal.
Ans. In the very
beginning The British were inspired by a vision of good town planning they
formed regulation for urban land use.
a) Concern for defense- they needed
defense against local rulers. Siraj –ud-Daulah the Nawab of Bengal, attacked
Calcutta in 1756. He attacked their fort.
b)
Construction of another fort –Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated in the Battle of Plassey
in 1757. So they decided to construct a new fort –Fort William.
Q8. Describe the social
changes brought in the new colonial cities.
Ans. a) Within the new
cities new social groups were formed and the old identities of people were no longer
important. All classes of people were migrating to the big cities. There was an
increasing demand for clerks, teachers, lawyers and accountants-resulting in
the increase of middle class.
b) Another new class
within the cities was the labouring poor or the working class. Paupers from rural
areas flocked to the cities in the hope of employment These were known for
religious festivals and fairs.
Q-9. Explain the changes in 18 th century in
India?(Any Four)
Ans.-(i)Old cities were declined due to weakness of Mughal
Empire
(ii) Development of new
regional Capitals like as Lucknow, Hyderabad, Serringpatanam, Poona, Nagpur,
Baroda, Tanjaur.
(iii)Economic
activities increased but some places faced economic decline caused of war,
looted activities and political instability
(iv)New trade centers
were developed in India by European powers .
(v)Water based European
Kingdoms took place on land based kingdom .
(vi)European powers
changed the social structure as international trade, Commercialization,
Capitalism.
(vii)New economical
cities Like as Bombay, Madras , Calcutta were rose.
Q-10. Why were the Hill
stations established by the British?
Ans. -The hill station
were established by the British due to needs of the British army.Hill stations
became strategic places for billeting troops,guarding from tiers and launching
campaigns against rulers. The temperature and cool climate of the Indian hill was seen as an advantage as the
British associated hot weather with epidemics, so they Wanted to protect the
army from the diseases like Cholera and Malaria
Q-11. What steps did
the British take to defend the towns after the Revolt of 1857?
Ans.-The steps taken by the British to defend
the towns were as follows-
(i)Pasturelands and
agricultural fields around the older towns were cleared.
(ii)New urban spaces
called “Civil Lines” were set up.
(iii)Only white people
began to live in the Civil Lines.
(iv)Cantonments places
where Indian troops under European Command were stationed were also developed
as safe enclaves. These areas were separate from but attached to Indian towns.
Q-12.Who were
“Dubashes”?
Ans- “Dubashes” were
the Indians who could speak two languages the local language and English. They
worked as agents and merchants, acting intermediaries between Indian society
and the British. They used their privileged position in government to acquire
wealth. Their powerful position in society was established sby their charitable
work and patronage of temples in the Black Town.
Q-13.What was the main
characteristics of the Black Town?
Ans. -The Black Town
was developed outside the fort st. George . the Black town resembled the
traditional Indian town which had living quarters built around its own temple
and bazaar. There were distinct caste-specific neighbourhoods , on the narrow
lanes that criss-crossed the township Q-13. What was the main cause of
confrontation between the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the English East
India Company in 1757?
Q-.14. What was the
main cause of confrontation between the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the
English East India Company in 1757?
.Ans.-In 1756
Siraj-ud-daula, the nawab of Bengal attacked Calcutta and sacked the small fort
which the British traders had built as their depot for goods.The English East
India Company traders had been continuously questioning the sovereignitty of
the Nawab.The English East India Company were reluctant to pay customs duties
and refused to comply with the terms on which they were expected to operate. So
Siraj-ud-daula wanted to assert his authority.
Q-15.What is meant by
Indo-Saracenic style of architecture?
Ans.-Towards the
beginning of the 20Th century a new hybrid architectural style developed which
combined the Indian with the European. This was called Indo-Saracenic . Indo
was shorthand for Hindu and Saracenic
was a term Europeans used to designate Muslim. The inspiration for this
style was medieval building s in India with their domes , chhatris and arches.
Q-16.Write down two
effects of the network of railways on cities?
Ans-The introduction of
railways in 1853 meant a change in the the cities as-
(i) Economic activity
shifted away from traditional towns.
(ii) Railway stations
become a collection depot for raw material and distribution point for imported
goods.
(iii) New railway
colonies or cities were developed.
Q-17. Write down the
function of Lottery committee?
Ans- The work of
lottery committee was to make the town
planning for Calcutta in 1871.
(i) The work of town planning was carried by Lottery
committee with the help of government. Funds for town planning were raised by
Lotteries.
(ii) Major activities were road building in Indian
cities.
(iii) Clearing the river bank from encroachment.
(iv) Removed many huts and displace the poor people
and pushed them in outskirt of city.
Q-18. Write down the characteristics of three style
of architecture?
Ans-
|
v Neo-classical,
v Construction of geometrical structure fronted with
lofty pillars.
v Drived from the original typical building of ancient
Rome.
v Wanted to express the glory of imperial India like
Imprial Rome.
v Example-Town Hall In Bombay(1833), Elphinstone
circle(1860)
|
v Neo-Gothic,
v High pitched roofs, pointed arches and detailed
decoration
v Roots in building Churches during mediveval period.
v Examples- Secretraiat, University of Bombay, High
Courts, Vicoria Terminus, Head quarter of Graet Indian Peninsular Railway
Company
|
v Indo-Saracenic styles
v Hybrid architectural style
v Indo for Hindus and Saracen for Muslims
v Inspirations from medieval bulding of India.
v Features-Domes, Chhatries, Jali, Arches etc.
v Example- Gateway of India(1911 to welcome King
George V and queen Mary In Gujarati Style), Taj Mahal Hotel by Jamsetji Tata
|
Q-19. How was the separation
between towns and country fluid? State the reasons.
Ans- Separation between town
and village was fluid
(i) When towns were attacked, people often sought
shelter in the countryside.
(ii) Traders and peddlers took goods from the towns
to sell in the villages.
(iii) During famine village people flocked toward
cities in hope to get food grains.
(iv) There was a revenue flow of humans and goods
from towns to villages.
Q-20. Mentions the
fears of conservatives in introducing social changes in new cities built by British?
Ans- Women entered in new
profession as teacher, theatre and film actress, domestic worker, factory
worker, etc. in new cities . So many changes happen-
(i) Middle class women started to express themselves
through the medium of autobiographies, journals and books.
(ii) Conservatives feared these reforms; they feared
breaking existing rule of society, and patriarchal order.
(iii) Women who went out of the household had to
face opposition and they became object of social censure in those years.
Q-21.
Why the colonial government was keen on producing maps?
Ans-
From the early years the colonial government was keen on mapping-
(i) It felt that good maps are necessary to
understand the landscape and topography of new regions.
(ii) To plan the development of new
cities.
(iii) They also show the location of
ghats , density , alignment of roads and commericial possibilities .
(iv) To plan the strategies of taxation.
L. A. (8 Marks)
Q.22. What were the
kinds of public places that emerged in the colonial city? What functions did
they serve?
Ans. (1) The new
colonial cities were centers of political authority and economic activities.
(2)
For commercial activities godowns, mercantile offices, insurance agencies,
transport depots and banking establishments were established.
(3)
The major colonial cities served as port cities. Ships were loaded and deloaded
there.
(4)
Main administrative offices of the company were established away from the
seashore.
(5)
Because of the rapid expansion of the railway colonial cities were linked with
rest of India.
Railway
stations, railway workshops and railway colonies started emerging in cities.
(6)
Hill stations were developed for billeting troop, guarding frontiers and
mounting attack on
enemy.
They also functioned as a sanitorium.
(7)
Public places like the town halls, parks and cinema halls started coming into
existence.
(8)
Forts, government offices, educational institutions, religious structures, and
commercial
depots
were constructed for growing economy.
(9)
British constructed clubs for meeting and entertainment.
Q.24. To what extent
were social relations transformed in the new cities?
Ans. (1) Lacked the
coherence,
(2)
Extreme poverty and extreme prosperity,
(3)
People got opportunities of meeting.
(4)
New social groups,
(5)
Demands of many professionals,
(6)
Spread of middle class,
(7)
Expression of views through various means,
(8)
Growth of general awareness, influence of woman,
(9)
Changes in traditional norms. Poor people have own culture; many struggles in
life.
Q.25 What are different
colonial architectural styles?
Ans.
(1) Neo classical style - Derived from ancient Rome, geometrical structures
fronted with lofty pillars, Town Hall, Elphinston circle.
(2)
Neo Gothic style - Originate from medieval churches, high pitched roofs,
pointed arches, detailed decoration. Bombay secretariat, University of Bombay,
Bombay High Court.
(3)
Indo saracenic style - Mixture of Indian and European style Dome, Chhatris, Jalis,
Arches, Gateway of India, and Taj Mahal hotel.
Q.26. Architectural
features of the city of Bombay during the British period.
Ans.
Buildings in cities could include forts, government offices, educational
institutions, religious structures, commercial towns etc. Initially Bombay was
a state of seven islands. A number of new buildings were constructed at this
time. The architectural style of these buildings were of usually
European
origin.
Then
British adopted some of the Indian style to suit their needs, one of its
example is bunglows which were made for government officers. It had traditional
pitched roof and surrounding verandah to keep the bunglow cool.
The
three architectural styles were
1.
Neo classical style- it had geometrical structure, lofty pillars, similar to
buildings to the building inancient Rome
2 New gothic style- its roots in buildings
specially churches built in northern Europe during the medieval period.
University of Bombay and High court..
3.
Indo-saracenic style- indo meant Hindu and Saracen used to name Muslim. The
insipiration for this style was medieval building in India with their domes,
chhatri, jail, arches. Example-The gateway of India
Another
traditional style was unique to Bombay, the chawl. Multi storeyed single room
apartment.
Q.27. Explain the
character of pre-colonial India.
Ans. Administrator,
traders, artisans lives in towns fortified walls.
The separation between
town and countryside was not rigid. Peasants travelled long distances on pilgrimages
passing through towns.
People flocked to towns
during times of famines, flood and epidemic.
During the Mughal
period these were renowned for concentration of population.
Some of the towns in
the south were well known for their temples. Eg.Kanchipuram and Madurai.
Passage based Question:
A rural city?
Read this excerpt on
Madras from the Imperial Gazetteer, 1908: …
The better European
residences are built in the midst of compounds which almost attain the dignity
of parks; and
rice-fields frequently wind in and out between these in almost rural fashion.
Even in the
most thickly peopled
native quarters such as Black Town and Triplicane, there is little of the
crowding found in many
other towns … Statements in reports often express the ideas of the reporter.
(i) What kind of an
urban space is the reporter celebrating in the statement? And how?
Ans- Better European
residences; dignity of parks;
(ii) What kind is he
demeaning? Would you agree with these ideas?
Ans-Crowd and
unhygienic condition of Black towns in other colonial cities than Madras.
Students can express
their ideas.
(iii) How did colour
and religion determine who would live within the fort (Madras)?
Ans- The Company did
not permit any marriages with Indians. Other than the English, the Dutch and
Portuguese were allowed to stay here because they were European and Christian.
See for question answers of lesson 12 colonial cities
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