SST and History Notes XI- XII

                                                        GEO (VI)-LESSON-2

OCEANS AND CONTINENTS

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION  

Ø   The ocean is the vast reservoir of Nature. The globe began with the ocean, so to speak, and who knows if it will not end with it. The oceans cover almost seven tenth of territorial globe. In this lesson we try to know about:

§  What are oceans and continents? What are their names and their distribution?

§   In what ways do oceans and continents impact life on Earth, including human life?

v EARTH SURFACE

  Ø The earth surface is covered many by two colors blue and brown that represent water and land part. They are:-

§  BROWN COLOUR- The large body of land is called a ‘landmasses, and a large continuous expanse of land is called a ‘continent. Brown colour is represented the land part on the Globe. It cover one forth part of the earth.

§  BLUE COLOUR- The largest water bodies we see on the globe are called ‘oceans’. They are represented by blue colour. These covers nearly three fourth part of the Earth.

Ø 

 

SST (VI)-LESSON-1

LOCATING PLACE ON THE EARTH

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø Imagine that you are visiting a city for the first time. How would you find the places you want to visit? You might ask a local person for help, or you might look at a map of the city.

Ø So, in this lesson we will find the answers of these questions as

§  What is a map and how do we use it? What are its main components?

§  What are coordinates? How can latitude and longitude be used to mark any location on the Earth?

§  How are local time and standard time related to longitude?

 

v MAP

                                                       HISTORY(X) LESSON- 4

THE MAKING OF GLOBAL WORLD

(LESSON NOTES)

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  v INTRODUCTION

Ø Globalisation refers as the interlinking of the countries. This term refers to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so.

Ø But as we will see in this chapter that the making of the global world has a long history – of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else.

  v INTERLINKING OF WORLD IN PRE-MODERN WORLD

Ø In pre modern world travelers, merchants, priests and pilgrims travelled to far off distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment.

Ø These people used to carry along goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions and sometimes diseases also.

Ø Not only this, they also took various foods and cultural habits with them to the different places that resulted in the diversity of culture.

Ø This interlinked can be traced around 3000 B.C when Indus valley civilization connected with the present-day West Asia. The currency which was used for trade activities was cowries or seashells.

  v SILK ROUTES LINK THE WORLD

Ø The silk routes serve as a good example of the pre modern trade and cultural links between the different parts of the world.

Ø Historians have found out various silk routes over land and through the sea. These routes were linked with the vast regions of Asia, Europe and Northern Africa. These routes existed since before the Christian era.

Ø This route was used not only for silk but the Chinese pottery, the textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia went to different parts of world. In return the expensive metals like gold and silver moved from Europe to Asia.

Ø Just like trade, there was cultural exchange also. Various Christian, Muslim and Buddhist preachers went to different parts and spread into different parts of the Asia.

HISTORY (XI)-THEM-5

NOMADIC EMPIRE

(LESSON NOTES)

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v Introduction:-

Ø The concept of Nomadic kingdom seems to be contradictory, because the Nomadic people are basically nomadic. The Mongols of Central Asia established a trans-continental empire and introduced a formidable military system and effective methods of governance. 

GEO (VII)-LESSON-7

• HUMAN ENVIRONMENT-SETTLEMENT,TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

  (LESSON NOTES)

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  v INTRODUCTION:

  Ø As we know that human beings are dependent on the nature for their needs as food, clothes, shelters etc.

  Ø But with time they learnt new skills to grow food, build homes and develop better means of transport and communication.

  Ø In this way they modified the environment where they lived, that refers as Human environment.

  Ø In this lesson we will read about settlement, transport and communication in human environment.

  v HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

  Ø Settlements are places where people build their homes and settle there.

  Ø Earlier settlements grew near the river valleys as the water was easily available and the land was fertile.

  Ø As we know earliest civilizations flourished along the bank of these rivers as Indus, Tigris, Nile and Hwang-He.

  
  
  
  

  v TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS

SPL (VII)-LESSON-6

• UNDERSTANDING MEDIA

  (LESSON NOTES)

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  v MEDIA: -

  Ø Media is the plural form of the word ‘medium’ and it describes the various ways through which we communicate in society.

  Ø It refers to all means of communication, from a phone call to the evening news on TV can be called media. TV, radio, and newspapers are forms of media.

  v CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA

  Ø Print Media: -Newspaper, slogan, Magazine, Books Etc.

  Ø Electronic media: Tv, Radia, Computer, Internet, Etc.

  
  
  

  Ø Personal media: Mobile, Books, Etc.

GEOGRAPHY (VI)-LESSON-8

INDIA: CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

(LESSON NOTES)

DP (IX)-LESSON-3

• ELECTROL POLITICS

  (LESSON NOTES)

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  v INTRODUCTION

  Ø In a democracy, people do not govern directly. They govern through the elected- representatives.

  Ø Governing through elected representatives is the most common form of democracy.

  Ø Electoral politics is all about understanding election of representatives, need of elections and how to make election democratic.

  Ø It also involves examining the role of the election commission in ensuring free and fair elections.

  v ELECTIONS

  Ø The mechanism or procedure by which people choose their representatives at regular intervals is called election.

  
  
  

  v PROCEDURE OF ELECTIONS
  The procedure of election can be understood by the real example of Haryana Assembly elections. It will show how candidates standing in election become representatives and how power can be removed from their hands.

GEOGRAPHY (IX)-LESSON-4

CLIMATE

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

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NCERT EXERCISE

1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?

(a) Silchar

(b) Mawsynram

(c) Cherrapunji

(d) Guwahati

Answer: Mawsynram

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:

(a) Kaal Baisakhi

(b) Loo

(c) Trade Winds

(d) None of the above

Answer: Loo

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in the north-western part of India?

(a) Cyclonic depression

(b) Retreating monsoon

(c) Western disturbances

(d) Southwest monsoon

Answer: Western disturbances

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:

(a) Early May

(b) Early July

(c) Early June

(d) Early August

Answer: Early June

(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold-weather season in India?

(a) Warm days and warm nights

(b) Warm days and cold nights

(c) Cool days and cold nights

(d) Cold days and warm nights

Answer: Warm days and cold nights.

2. Answer the following questions briefly.

GEOGRAPHY (IX)-LESSON-3

DRAINAGE

( QUESTION ANSWERS)

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(NCERT EXERCISE)

 1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) In which of the following states is the Wular lake located?

(a) Rajasthan (b) Punjab (c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Jammu and Kashmir

Answer: Jammu and Kashmir.

(ii) The river Narmada has its source at

(a) Satpura (b) Amarkantak (c) Brahmagiri (d) Slopes of the Western Ghat.

Answer: Amarkantak

(iii) Which one of the following lakes is a saltwater lake?

(a) Sambhar (b) Wular (c) Dal (d) Gobind Sagar

Answer: Sambhar

(iv) Which one of the following is the longest river in Peninsular India?

(a) Narmada (b) Godavari (c) Krishna (d) Mahanadi

Answer: Godavari

(v) Which one amongst the following rivers flows through a rift valley?

(a) Mahanadi (b) Krishna (c) Tungabhadra (d) Tapi

Answer: Tapi

2. Answer the following  briefly.

(i) What is meant by a water divide? Give an example.

Answer: Any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland, separates two drainage basins. Such an upland is known as a water divide. For example, the water divide between the Indus and the Ganga river systems.

(ii) Which is the largest river basin in India?